Unit 3 The land down under 澳大利亚的土地
一、自主学习
——课文背景知识
澳大利亚是仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国和巴西的世界上第六个陆地面积最大的国家。但它拥有的人口却较少。
澳大利亚是世界上唯一管辖整个洲和它的外围岛屿的国家。澳大利亚大陆是地球上最大的岛屿，也是地球上最小和最平坦的陆地。澳大利亚位于南纬10度到39度之间。
澳大利亚拥有灌溉良好的肥沃土地。这一土地资源得到了充分有效的利用，以帮助养活世界人口。在干旱地区可以放牧牛羊，但是必须精心保护土壤。当澳大利亚降雨量的周期比较长时，就会出现干旱，一些牧场将变成沙漠。
澳大利亚联邦由六个州和两个地区组成。内陆的边界大部分是沿着经纬线划定的。西澳大利亚是最大的一个州，其面积与整个西欧一样大。
澳大利亚拥有世界上任何地方都没有的种类异常繁多的生命形式。澳大利亚的动植物是在与世界其它地方隔绝的环境中逐渐进化而成的。大约l亿6千万年以前，当贡德瓦纳兰这块超级大陆裂开时，澳大利亚与南极洲连接并向南极方向漂移。南极的冰川在澳大利亚和其它大片陆地之间形成一道屏障。
澳大利亚本土生长的有袋动物的染色体结构不同于其他地区的哺乳动物。其特点是它们在育儿袋内养育自己的子女。 在澳大利亚像树袋熊那样的有袋动物占据了范围广泛的最适合它们生长的生态环境。最早的袋鼠类有袋动物看来是大约1500万年前出现的。它们的体形大小和适应能力有很大区别。有一种热带袋鼠生活在树林中。但绝大多数袋鼠是干燥灌木丛林的有效利用者，它们有很强的耐受力。
随着世界气候的变暖和冰川的溶化，各大洋逐渐上升到现在的水平，连接新几内亚和塔斯马尼亚的大陆桥被切开。珊瑚逐步占据了被海水淹没的滨海平原，形成昆士兰州的大堡礁。生活在澳大利亚热带地区巨大的咸水鱼是有本领的食肉动物。它们的这一特性自恐龙时代以来一直持续至今，几乎没有变化。巨大的有袋动物和无翼鸟于l万到2万年前已灭绝。由于这片大陆变得越来越干燥，猎人用火来改变植被的生长模式。
在过去的200年中，农业的发展和引进有害动物，如狐狸和野兔，对当地的动植物构成巨大的威胁并导致越来越多的动植物物种的灭绝。澳大利亚现在已设立了强有力的科学和法律机构处理这些问题，因为澳大利亚人关心着他们独特的生态环境。[HK]
二、互动平台
——课文译文和疑难详解
READING 阅读
THE PORTRAIT OF A NATION[WT5"FZ]
Modern Australia is made up of six states and two territories: Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory. Australia is surrounded by many oceans: the Indian Ocean in the west, the Southern Ocean in the south and the Pacific Ocean in the northeast. Sydney is perhaps Australia’s most famous city, but the capital of Australia is Canberra, a city located between Sydney and Melbourne. The Australian flag shows the UK flag and a large star with seven points. Six of the points represent the original states and the seventh stands for all the territories. The other stars on the flag represent the Southem Cross—a group of stars in the southern sky that can be used to find the South Pole.
THE FIRST AUSTRALIANS
Australia is a young nation on an ancient continent. The first Australians were the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. These groups of peoples came to the continent at least fifty thousand years ago and created complex societies. Their culture was highly developed and they formed strong ties with Asians and people from other neighbouring areas. Some Australian Aborigines still live in a similar way to their ancestors, while others live in cities, towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians. ①
一个国家的描述
现代澳大利亚由六个州和两个联邦区组成：西澳大利亚州、南澳大利亚州、昆士兰州、新南威尔士州、维多利亚州、塔斯马尼亚州、北部地区和首都直辖区。澳大利亚被许多大洋围绕：西边是印度洋，南边是南大洋，东北面是太平洋。悉尼也许是澳大利亚最著名的城市，但澳大利亚的首都是堪培拉，一个位于悉尼和墨尔本之间的城市。澳大利亚的国旗展示了英国的国旗和一大颗七角星。六个角象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州，第七个代表所有的联邦区。其它的星星代表南十字星座——南方天空中被用来找到南极的星座。
最早的澳大利亚人
澳大利亚是古老大陆上的一个年轻国家.最早的澳大利亚人是土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民.这些民族至少在五万年以前来到这个大陆，并创造了复杂的社会。 他们的文化高度发展，与亚洲人和相邻地区的人们建立了牢固的关系。一些澳大利亚土著居民仍然以跟他们的祖先相似的方式生活，然而其他住在城镇、乡村的人过着与同类人一样的生活。
①
【问】 while有哪些用法？短语similar to与the same as是怎样使用的？
【答】 ⑴ while在此处是并列连词，表示“对比，对照”的意义，译为“然而，而”。其用法归纳如下：
当……的时候,在……的期间：
He fell asleep while he was reading the book.他读着书睡着了。
While in hospital, she wrote her first novel.在住院期间，她写了第一部小说。
与……同时：
While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽在写信，与此同时孩子们在外面玩耍。
He listens to music while doing his homework.他一边听音乐，一边做作业。
表示相反或对比的情况：
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with milk.我喝纯咖啡而他爱加了牛奶的。
虽然 = although
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认存在问题，但我不认为它们不能解决。
趁……的时候
While you’re in the post office, can you get me some stamps?趁着你在邮局，帮我买些邮票好吗？
⑵ similar to sb./sth.与……相似：
Gold is similar in color to brass.金与铜的颜色相似。
The brothers looks very similar to each other.这兄弟俩看起来非常相似。
the same as与……一样：
I bought the same car as yours.我买的汽车跟你的一样。
as也可引导定语从句，如：This is the same bag as I lost last week. (as在从句中充当lost的宾语。)
A NATION OF PRISONERS?
In the seventeenth century, European explorers began arriving on the continent. Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch, and later British ships reached the north and west coasts and Tasmania. In 1770, Captain James Cook went on a scientific journey and claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown. ② Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen as a new place where prisoners and criminals were sent. ③ In 1788, the first fleet of 11 ships arrived in Australia. The British Governor landed on January 26, today known as Australia Day. Over the next 80 years, about 160,000 prisoners were sent to Australia. The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Australian ecosystems. As a consequence, the original Australians suffered. Many Aborigines and islanders were moved and had their land taken away from them. ④
ANOTHER NEW WORLD: THE BIRTH OF A NATION
In the early twentieth century, Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century: it was a “new world” society without a ruling class. In 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. The Constitution governing six states stated that men were free and equal, explained their basic civil rights and described the new government. Aborigines and other non-Europeans did not enjoy the same rights. It would be many years until Australia learnt to rearnt to respect Aborigines and recognise the importance of a diverse society. ⑤The First World War had a strong influence on Australia. After the war, the country experienced social and economic unrest and suffered from the
一个囚犯的国度？
十七世纪，欧洲探险者们开始到达这个大陆。 西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰，然后是英国的船队到达北部、西部沿海和塔斯马尼亚。 1770年，库克船长进行了科学考察，声称东部沿海为英联邦所有。后来，当美国独立战争使得英国不可能把囚犯送到北美时，澳大利亚被选为送囚犯和罪犯的一个新的地点。1788年，第一批11条船的舰队到达澳大利亚。 英国统治者于 1 月26日着陆，那天就是澳大利亚国庆日.在接下来的80年里，大约160，000名囚犯被送到澳大利亚。[KG6]新来者改变了土地管理的方式，引进了对当地生态系统有害的动植物。结果，原来的澳大利亚人承受了痛苦。许多土著居民和岛民被赶走，土地也被抢走。
另一个新世界：一个国家的诞生
在二十世纪早期，澳大利亚类似于十八世纪的美国：它是一个没有统治阶级的“新世界”社会.1901年澳大利亚联邦成立.统治六个州的宪法表明人是自由平等的，解释了他们的基本民权，描述了新政府。土著居民和其他的非欧洲人没有享受同样的权利.过了多年澳大利亚才学会尊重土著居民，认识到多样化社会的重要性。 第一次世界大战对澳大利亚有强大的影响。[KG6] 战后这个国家经历了社会和经济的动荡不安，遭受了二十世纪三十年代的大萧条。
② 【问】 claim一词有哪些意义和用法？
【答】 此处为动词，主要有两层意思：
要求或索要（某事物）（因是应得的权利或财物）；索赔：
After the Duke’s death, his eldest son claimed the title. 公爵死后，其长子要求继承爵位。
She claims ownership of the land.她对这块土地的产权提出要求。
声称；宣称；断言：
After the battle both sides claimed victory.战斗结束后，双方均宣称获胜。
She claims that she is related to the Queen.她声称和女王有亲属关系。
③ 【问】 where引导从句有哪些用法？
【答】 该句中where引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词a new place，where=to the place,在句中充当地点状语。注意：当现行词表示地点，而引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不能用where，而要用关系代词which/that, 如：
The museum which/that we visited has a long history. 我们参观了的博物历史悠久。
where也可引导地点状语从句，注意和定语从句区别，如：
The youth should go where working conditions are difficult. 年轻人应该去工作条件艰苦的地方。(where引导的是状语从句，修饰谓语动词go)
In the north where it is colder people grow wheat.在寒冷一些的北方，人们种植小麦。(where引导的是定语从句，修饰the north)
④【问】 have/get something done 有哪些意义？
【答】 有三层意义：1. have或get意为“”使”“让”，即主语有意识地请别人做某事：
I haven’t had my bike repaired.我还没有请人修自行车。
2. 指主语无意识地“受到”，“遭受损失”：
He had his watch stolen yesterday.他的手表昨天被偷了。
3. 表示通常意义的“有”：
We have not any wine left in the shop.我们店里一点酒都没有了。
⑤ 【问】 it与时间搭配的常用句型有哪些？使用时应注意什么？
【答】 易混句型有以下几种：
(1) It was/will be long(one week/two years ...)+before从句。此句型可译为“很久（一周/两年后……）才……”。如：
It was long before he came back.很久以后他才回来。
It will not be long before we meet again.不久我们就又会见面。
(2) It is/has been/was+ some time+ since从句。此句型可译为“自从……以来已经有多长时间了”。如：
It is/has been more than fifty years since the People’s Republic of China was founded.中华人民共和国成立已经有五十多年了。
It was three days since he had fallen ill.他生病已经有三天了。
(3) It+ be+具体时间+when...此句型可译
Depression of the 1930s. ⑥ After the Second World War, Australia began to transform itself into the modern country as it is today. The economy grew and Australia benefited from immigration. ⑦ People from about 200 countries moved to Australia in the fifty years after the Second World War. The country also began to change its attitude towards Aborigines: in the late 1960s, the government passed laws to strengthen the rights of Aborigines and islanders and to improve their living conditions.
SPEAK AUSTRALIAN? NO WORRIES!
English is the official language of Australia. Australian English differs in pronunciation from British and American English, and some of the vocabulary used “down under” is quite different from what you may have learnt in your English class. ⑧ Australians are fond of their language and love to have fun with it. “No worries” is Australian for “everything will be OK”. “Mate” usually means “friend” or “companion”, but can be said to anyone. A “sheila” is a female, the “outback” is the wilderness, a “billabong” is a water hole in a dry riverbed, “uni” is a university, and to “go walkabout” is to take a long journey to get away from one’s daily life. While some of the Aboriginal languages have been lost, people are trying hard to protect and record what is left. Perhaps the best known example of Australian English is the Friendly “G’day mate” that a visitor to the land down under is sure to hear.
第二次世界大战后澳大利亚转变成如今这样的现代国家。经济增长，国家从移民受益。二战后的五十年里来自200多个国家的人们搬到澳大利亚。国家也开始改变对土著居民的态度：在二十世纪六十年代后期，为了改善土著居民和岛民的生活环境，国家通过法律加强了他们的权利。
说澳大利亚的语言吗？一切都会好的！
英语是澳大利亚的官方语言。 澳大利亚英语在发音方面与英国英语和美国英语不同，而且在澳大利亚或新西兰用的一些词汇跟你在课堂上学的有很大不同。澳大利亚人喜欢他们的语言，爱用他们的语言逗趣。[KG7]澳大利亚的“No worries”是“一切都会好的”。Mate”通常意味着“朋友”或“同伴”，但可以指任何人.一个“sheila”是一个女性，“outback”是旷野，“billabong”是干涸河床的洼地，“uni”是大学，而“go walkabout”是指脱离日常生活去进行徒步长途旅行。
一方面一些土著居民的语言在丢失，而另一方面人们在尽力地保护和记录剩下的语言。[KG12]也许最好的澳大利亚英语的例子就是一声友好的“G’day mate”，这是任何一个去澳大利亚或新西兰的人一定会听到的。
为“当某事发生时，时间是在……”。如：
It was 11:00 when they arrived at the factory.他们到达工厂时是11点。
请比较：It will be July 1 when we meet again.我们再见面将是七月一日。
It is on July 1that we will meet again.在七月一日我们将再见面。
⑥
【问】 句中的suffer from有什么用法？
【答】 表示“经历，遭受（不愉快之事）”：
We suffered huge losses in the financial crisis.我们在金融危机中损失惨重。
⑦
【问】 benefit应怎么使用？
【答】 benefit可以直接跟宾语，表示“使（某人，某事物）受益”：如：
These facilities have benefited the whole town.这些设施使全城受益。
还可以与by, from搭配，表示“从……中得益”：
Who is likely to benefit most by the new tax laws? 什么人可能从新的税法中得到最大的好处？
⑧
【问】 differ from与different from各如何使用？
【答】 differ为不及物动词，无须加宾语；或者常构成以下短语：differ from sb./sth.与某人或某事物不同; differ with/from sb. about/ on sth.不同意，持异议。如：
The brothers differ widely in their tastes.兄弟俩的爱好大相径庭。
In this respect, French differs from English.在这方面，法语不同于英语。
I’m sorry to differ with you on that.对不起，在那一点上我与你看法不同。
different, adj.常构成短语different from./to sb./sth.：
Their tastes are different from/to mine.他们的爱好与我的不同。
INTEGRATING SKILLS 综合技巧
Reading 阅读
Australia is as old as time. Probably it was once connected to South America, but the continents separated as the earth’s plates moved. Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and
澳大利亚
澳大利亚的古老有如悠悠岁月。很有可能它曾经是同南美洲相连的，但是随着地球板块的移动，这两个大陆分离开来了。 由于同其它洲分离数百万年了，所以澳大利亚有许多动植物是世界上任何其它地方所没有的。
⑨
【问】 整个句子的结构是怎样的？V-ing分词在句中是什么用法？
【答】 整个句子是个简单句；主语是Australia,谓语是has many plants and animals。句子的前部Having been separated ... for millions of years是-ing形式的完成式被动语态短语，作状语，表示原因；句子的后部not found anywhere else in the world是过去分词短语作定语，修饰先行词plants and animals。
-ing短语的一般式作状语，通常表示与句中谓语同时发生的动作或状态。如：
Arriving at the village, he could not find his home.
animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. ⑨ One strange animal lays eggs, yet feeds its young on its milk. Kangaroos and koala bears give birth to very small and weak young. They are then carried in a pocket of skin for several months while they feed on the mother’s milk and grow stronger. Also in Australia there are many kinds of birds, and over 140 species of snakes, many of which are extremely dangerous.
Australia is the only country in the world which covers an entire continent. From north to south the distance is 3,220 km, and from east to west about 4,000 km. In area it is approximately the same size as the USA (without Alaska), which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people. B10 Today about 85% of the Australian population of 20 million live in the six major cities around the coast. Two thirds of the country is dry or desert. B11
Australia is a wealthy country. It produces metals, precious stones, coal, grain, meat and wines, and has the biggest iron mines in the world. B12 Australia has about one sixth of the world’s sheep and produces almost one third of its wool. Cattle are also kept, and about 15 million tons of wheat are grown every year. Fruit and vegetables are grown in areas where there is enough water.
A long fence funs for hundreds of kilometres across Australia. The purpose of the fence is to keep out a type of wild dog called a “dingo”. B13 Dingoes hunt at night and like to attack sheep. Farms in the middle of Australia are usually so large that farmers use motorbikes or helicopters for the task of founding up the sheep or cattle.The climate is different depending on the area. The south has cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The north has warm, dry
有一种怪兽会产卵，然后又给幼仔哺乳.袋鼠和考拉熊生下来的幼仔都很瘦弱.它们生下来后被装在母亲肚皮上折叠式的口袋中。在这儿它们要呆上几个月，吮吸母乳，逐渐长壮.在澳大利亚还有许多种鹦鹉，和140多种蛇，其中不少是极为危险的毒蛇。
澳大利亚是世界上唯一覆盖整个大陆的国家。 从北到南的距离为3，220公里，从东到西为3，860公里。从面积上讲，它大体上相当于美国（阿拉斯加除外），而美国的人口却是澳大利亚人口的13倍还多。今天澳大利亚的人口为1，800万，其中大约85%居住在沿海的六个大城市里。[KG10] 这个国家有三分之二的地方气候干燥，或是沙漠。
澳大利亚是一个非常富裕的国家。 它出产金属、宝石、煤、谷物、肉和酒，而且还有世界上最大的铁矿。 澳大利亚饲养着约占世界总数六分之一的绵羊，其羊毛产量也几乎达到世界的三分之一。 还饲养牛。每年大约生产1，500万吨小麦.水源充足的地区还种植水果和蔬菜。
横贯澳大利亚有一条长达数百公里的栅栏，
它是用来阻止一种叫dingo的野狗的。这种野狗夜间出来猎食，喜欢袭击羊群。 澳大利亚中部的农场很大，农场主得用摩托车或直升飞机来赶羊或赶牛。
气候随地区的不同而有别。[KG11]南部的冬季凉爽而湿润，夏季则温暖而干燥。[KG6]北部的冬季温暖而干燥， 达村子的时候，他找不到他的家了。Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.当她在公园散步时，她看到一个老朋友。
-ing短语的完成式作状语，表示在句中谓语之前发生的动作或状态。如：
[JP3]Having been rebuilt this way, these temples look even more beautiful.这些寺庙经过重建后，显得更加美丽了。Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper.搭好帐篷以后，他们就开始做晚饭。
B10
【问】 倍数的表达法是怎样使用的？
【答】 该句使用的是句型“A is...times as +adj./adv +as B”, 还有如下几种表达：
“A is...times bigger (higher, longer, wider, etc.) than B”；
“A is...times the size (height, length, width, etc) of B”；
“the size (height, length, width, etc)of A is...times that of B”， 如：
The room is three times as large as that one.这个房间的面积是那个房间的三倍。
The number of people in that area is five times as many as that in ours. 那个地区的人口是我们这个地区人口的五倍。
这种...times as... as的结构，在有上下文的情况下，可以简略为...times as large/many。例如：
That room is 20 square metres. This room is three times as large. 那个房间是20平方米。这个房间是那个房间的三倍。
There are 800students in that school. In our school, there are twice as many.那所学校有800个学生，我们学校的学生要多一倍。
B11
【问】 分数的表达法应怎样使用？
【答】 表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于一时，分母序数词加s; 例如：
one third三分之一；one sixth六分之一； two fifths五分之二；但“二分之一”要说half/a half，不说one second；“四分之一”要说a quarter。
以分数作主语时，谓语动词可用单数或复数，这取决于后面的名词。若这个名词是单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。例如：
More than two thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water.地球表面三分之二以上为水覆盖。
Two fifths of the students are from the north.五分之二的学生是北方人。
B12
【问】 metal, wine这些词都是不可数名词，为什么加s？
【答】 metal, wine, food这些词本来都是不可数名词，一般不用复数形式。但在表示种类时可以用复数。例如：
Some metals have to be imported from abroad. 有些金属必须从国外进口。
Various kinds of wines are produced in France.法国生产各种各样的葡萄酒。
Every person needs water and a diet of healthy foods.每个人都需要水和健康食物。
winters and hot, wet wummers. The vast centre of Australia is hot and dry all the year round. Because of such a climate, much of daily life happens outdoors. Australians love sports and the country is the birthplace of many tennis, sailing and swimming champions. Outings are popular and most Australians are delighted to share a cold glass of beer or lemonade with a friend. If you are invited to an Australian home, you will probably have a barbecue and roast a steak or fish on an open fire. At weekends many Australians go hiking and camping in the countryside, called the “bush”. For holidays, many people visit the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast of Australia, which has about 700 islands.
夏季则炎热而潮湿。[KG6]澳大利亚中部则是一年四季都炎热而干燥。[KG7*2]因为这样的气候条件，所以大部分的日常生活都是在户外进行的。澳大利亚人喜欢体育运动，在网球、赛艇、游泳方面经常在世界比赛中取胜。[KG6]外出是很受欢迎的，很多澳大利亚人都很乐意与朋友共饮一杯冰啤或柠檬汁。如果你被邀请去澳大利亚人的家里做客，你很可能会在户外进餐，并在火上烤肉或烤鱼。[KG12]在周末的时候，许多澳大利亚人到乡村去散步或露营，他们管乡村叫“丛林地”。[KG6*2]节假日里，许多人去参观澳大利亚东北海岸的大堡礁，它是由700个岛屿构成的。
B13
【问】 keep构成的短语有哪些？
【答】 [JP2]keep构成的常用短语有：keep out不使入内，留在外边；keep (sb./ sth.) away(from sb./sth.)使某人（某物）不靠近某人（某物）；keep back阻止某事物；扣下，扣除；keep sb. from sth./doing sth.使某人不能做某事；keep sb./sth. off sb./ sth.使某人（某物）不接近或不接触某人（某物）；如：[JP]
Police warned bystanders to keep away from the blazing building. 警察告诫围观者，不要靠近燃烧着的建筑物。
She was unable to keep back her tears.她无法忍住泪水。
[JP4]A certain percentage of your salary is kept back by your employer as an insurance payment.雇主扣下你部分薪金作保险金用。
They lit a fire to keep wild animals off. 他们燃起篝火以防止野兽接近。
Keep your hands off me! 别碰我！
Keep that dog out of my study! 别让那条狗进入我的书房！
The sign said “keep out!” 牌子上写着，“闲人免进！”
The church bells keep me from sleeping. 教堂的钟声吵得我睡不着觉。
三、高考链接
——高考热点例题与解析
1. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _________ I disagree. (NMET 2004 I)
A.why B. where C. what D. how
【解析】 答案是B。此题考查从句作表语，四个选项中只有C项不符合语法结构，因为disagree是不及物动词。根据句意“这就是我不赞同的地方”，答案应选B。A项why表示原因，D项how表示方式，都不符合句意。
2. Lizzie was _________ to see her friend off at the airport. (NMET 2004 IV)
A. a little more than sad B. more than a little sad
C. sad more than a little D. a little more sad than
【解析】 答案是B。“more than a little + 形容词”在句中作表语，意为“不止一点、非常”等。
3. The number of people present at the concert was _________ than expected. There were many tickets left. （NMET 2004 福建）
A．much smaller B.much more C.much larger D.many more
【解析】 此题考查形容词的比较级作表语，根据后一句There were many tickets left可知出席音乐会的人是“少”而不是“多”，B、C、D三个选项都表示“多”，与句意不符，故答案为A。
4. Playing tricks on others is _________ we should never do. (湖南2004)
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
【解析】 答案是B，something在句中作表语。分析句意可知“playing tricks”是“我们永远不能做的事情”，不难看出A、C和D三个选项都不符合句意。不定代词的用法也是历年来高考的重要考点之一，应充分掌握不定代词的含义，并根据具体的语境选择恰当的不定代词。
5. It is believed that if a book is _________ , it will surely _________ the reader. (上海2003)
A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest
【解析】 答案是D。句意为“一般认为，如果一本书是有趣的，当然会吸引读者。”interest使役动词，“使……感兴趣”；interested过去分词，感兴趣；interesting现在分词，“有趣的，令人感兴趣。”
四、学能测试
——本单元高考适应性演练
一、单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. Carol said the work would be done by October, _________ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
2. What he has done is very _________ , so all of us are very _________ at his actions.
A. disappointed; disappointing B. disappointing; disappointed
C. disappointed; disappointed D. disappointing; disappointing
3. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any _________ .
A. value B. sense C. fun D. use
4. Is it true _________ the rain stops, sometimes it will be as hot as in summer here?
A. when B. that when C. whenever D. that
5. He remembered _________ the key in the box _________ his bed, but he can’t find it there now.
A. to put; on B. putting; under C. to put; under D. put; on
6. I suggested _________ home, but the children were eager _________ to the zoo.
A. stay; going B. staying; to go C. to stay; to go D. staying; going
7. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _________ "Sorry to miss you; Will call later."
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
8. ——I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
——Is that _________ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
9. _________ , they began their performances.
A. Taking our seats B. After we took our seats
C. Having taken our seats D. Being taken our seats
10. Although most of them have no doubt _________ he will pass the exam, I still think there is some about _________ he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether C. that; that D. whether; whether
11. Galieo insisted that the earth _________ round the sun and that he _________ set free.
A. should move; be B. moves; be C. move; was D. moves; was
12. I’ll never forget the years _________ I lived in the country with the farmers, _________ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
13. There were two small rooms in the house, _________ served as a kitchen.
A. the smaller of it B. the small of which
C. and the smaller of them D. the small one
14. Walk about 100 meters _________ the bridge, and you will find the school on the right.
A. beyond B. beside C. before D. over
15. By the time he arrives in Shanghai, we _________ here for three days.
A. have been staying B. have stayed C. shall have stayed D. will stay
二、单词拼写——根据句意在空格处填上适当的英语单词。（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）
16. The students in our school will have a spring o_________ next week.
17. The ship passed through the s_________ between two islands.
18. He c_________ that he hadn’t done it, but I didn’t believe him.
19. Who are the man who really g_________ in this country?
20. He r_________ up the sheep before dark.
21. Officials usually stay indoors while farmers work o_________ .
22. She r_________ her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.
23. English grammar and v_________ are often taught in class.
24. As a c_________ of being in hospital, Shelly decided that she wanted to become a nurse.
25. Chinese d_________ greatly from Japanese in pronunciation.
三、完成句子——根据所给汉语完成下列句子。（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）
26. What is the point of _________ (进一步讨论这个问题)?
27. The purpose of the fence is _________ (不让……进来) a type of wild dog called a “dingo”.
28. The policeman _________ (抓住两个在街上打架的人).
29. Hearing the news, she couldn’t _________ (忍住泪水).
30. It was evening _________ (我们到达小镇的时候) of Winchester.
31. I am not _________ (熟悉) his novels because I have never heard of such a writer.
32. _________ (在你外出期间), you should avoid having a cold.
33. We used to _________ (都去野营) every summer when we were students.
34. _________ (前线部队得到了增援) by a large contingent of students from the military academy.
35. The number of people in that area is _________ (是我们这个地区人口的五倍).
Section B
四、完形填空(共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案。
We finished in that order. I mean, Erwin, Bella and I were the top three in our law school class. 36)was a great time. Offers of jobs 37) in. Lots of them. Everywhere I turned, someone seemed to be waving a flag that 38) , "Work for us, Barrett."
But I only followed the green flags. I mean, I wasn’t a complete fool. I 39) the jobs with more power than money, like being clerk to a judge. 40) I refused the public jobs too; you could do a lot of good in those, but the money was bad. What I wanted was a job that would pay me enough _________ so that we would stop 41) money.
Although I only came 42) in my class, I had one huge 43) in competing for the best jobs. I was the only person in the top ten who wasn’t Jewish. (And 44) who says it doesn’t matter is a fool.) Oh, my God! There are hundreds of companies who will do 45) , just to get an all-American boy who can just manage to get his 46) degree. Think of my 47) : name in the Law School Magazine, top hockey player, Harvard, and everything else. Crowds of people were 48) to get my name and number on their writing-paper. And I loved every minute of it.
There was one specially interesting 49) from a company in Los Angeles. The man who offered me the job told, over and over again: "Barrett, baby, in our work we get it all the time. Day and night. I 50) , we can even have it sent up to the office!"
We weren’t 51) really interested in jobs in California, but I’d still like to know exactly what he was discussing. Sex? What? Jenny and I 52) with some fairly wild possibilities, but they probably weren’t wild enough. 53) is a pretty wild place. I finally told the man that I really didn’t care for " 54) " at all. He left, looking very 55) .
36. A. All B. It C. What D. This
37. A. ran B. came C. rushed D. poured
38. A. said B. shouted C. meant D. wrote
39. A. accepted B. took C. refused D. received
40. A. And B. but C. So D. Therefore
41. A. making B. worrying about C. spending D. giving out
42. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth
43. A. shortcoming B. disadvantage C. fault D. advantage
44. A. everyone B. no matter C. those D. anyone
45. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
46. A. master B. doctor C. law D. science
47. A. position B. case C. reason D. experience
48. A. talking B. arguing C. discussing D. fighting
49. A. job B. offer C. promise D. man
50. A. mean B. say C. suggest D. intend
51. A. just B. still C. even D. yet
52. A. came up B. gave up C. made up D. brought up
53. A. The school B. America C. Los Angeles D. The office
54. A. sex B. what C. it D. money
55. A. satisfied B. angry C. pleased D. disappointed
五、阅读理解(共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分)
阅读下列短文，并从每题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
A
While the rest of the world carried on cycling during the 1950s and 1960s, America forgot how; even high-school children would drive to school. Recently there has been something of a renaissance (复兴) in cycling, and in many areas it is a very useful way of getting around, especially where bike paths or bike routes have been built. You may well want to buy, hire or borrow a bike.
There are two important consequences (后果) of this earlier drop in cycling in the USA. One is that many people do not know how to cycle. That is, cyclists often behave more like pedestrians (行人) than motorists: they ride on the sidewalk or on the wrong side of the road; they do not care for stop signs or traffic lights; they ride without lights at night; they give no hand signals. The other consequence is that cycling is regarded by many people not so much as a way of getting from one place to another but as a way of life, a form of exercise, etc. As a result, large number of young Americans have ten-speed racing bikes. These are very high and fast and great if you are cycling long distances, riding up mountains or racing. At first, though, you may find them awkward for cycling in town, sight-seeing or shopping——they are expensive, uncomfortable and hard to control until you get used to them, and unsuitable for rough stony roads.
There are also ordinary bikes around. If you get hold of one of these, you may find that the brakes work by pedaling (踩踏板) backwards. This is perhaps safer than ordinary brakes when it is wet, but it seems to be less effective. This arrangement also means you can’t pedal backwards in order to get the pedals in the right place for getting on or moving off.
56. The passage gives us a brief introduction to _________ .
A．advantages of bikes B．cycling in America
C．American transportation D.how to ride a bike
57. Young Americans prefer racing bikes because they _________ .
A．can help keep fit B．are easy to learn
C．are safer to ride D．are expensive and popular
58. Which of the following does NOT result from the early drop in cycling in the USA ?
A．Cyclists do not care for traffic lights.
B．People ride on the wrong side of the roads.
C．Cycling is not considered a way of transportation.
D．People have to pedal backwards to stop the bike.
59. From the passage we can learn that in the middle of the 20th century _________ .
A．many Americans enjoyed cycling
B．cycling was popular in the world
C．racing bikes were better than ordinary ones
D．there were no special roads for bikes in America
B
Cambridge is admitting students who, bright as they are, cannot construct coherent (有条理的) essays or write grammatical English, a university professor said.
Dr. Adam of Jesus College took part in a survey conducted by History Today, which concluded that students were arriving at university with a “very limited knowledge base”.
Westminster and Derby lecturers said most history students were unable to express themselves well in English, while Leicester believed that written English skills were declining.
Literacy (读写能力) was not the lecturers’ only concern. “Students used to know about Hitler and Stalin,” reported Stephen Church, of East Anglia. “Now they know about Hitler or Stalin.”
Among other concerns were “students’ poor note-taking skills and short attention span”， their fear of anything involving foreign languages -“they complain about how hard the foreign names are”, and their instance of“ instant access to pre-packaged knowledge”.
“Students from less rich families are working particularly full time. Almost all our notionally full-time students are part-time now,” said King, London.
“Students are in virtually (事实上) full-time employment while supposedly studying full time,” reported West of England. “The result is a production-line approach to education.”
60. The reason for the problem mentioned in the first paragraph is that _________ .
A. students are not clever enough now
B. Students don’t have enough writing skills
C. students have no interest in their studies
D. students have no sound knowledge base
61. Which is not mentioned in the passage?
A. Students are not experienced in note-taking.
B. Students have very limited history knowledge.
C. The university is planning to take action on the problems.
D. Teachers show great concern about the problems.
62. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. A survey conducted by History Today.
B. The quality of students goes down.
C. Students in full-time job.
D. Students lack in history knowledge.
63. Which of the following doesn’t show students’ “very limited knowledge base”?
A. They are not expert in communicating in English.
B. They feel difficult when writing grammatically right essays.
C. They don’t have enough work experience.
D. They have trouble in recognizing and remembering foreign names.
C
A person, like a commodity (商品), needs packaging. But going too far is absolutely undesirable. A little exaggeration, however, does no harm when it shows the person’s unique qualities to their advantage. To show personal attractiveness in a casual and natural way, it is important for one to have a clear knowledge of oneself. A skilled packager knows how to add art to nature without any signs of embellishment (装饰), so that the person so packaged is not a commodity but a human being, lively and lovely.
A young person, especially a female, shining with beauty and full of life, has all the favor granted by God. Any attempt to make up would be self-defeating. Youth, however, comes and goes in a flash. Packaging for the middle-aged is primarily to hide the marks made by years. If you still enjoy life enough to keep self-confidence and work at pioneering work, you are unique in your natural qualities, and your attractiveness and grace will remain. Elderly people are beautiful if their river of life has been, through plains, mountains and jungles, running its course as it should. You have really lived your life, which now arrives at a self-satisfied stage of quietness and calmness with no interest in fame or wealth. There is no need to make use of hair dyeing. The snow-capped mountain is itself a beautiful scene of fairyland. Let your looks change from young to old in step with natural ageing process so as to keep in harmony (和谐) with nature, for harmony itself is beauty, while the other way round will only end in unpleasantness. To be in the elder’s company is like reading a thick book of deluxe (better quality) edition that attracts one so much as to be unwilling to part with.
As long as one finds where one stands, one knows how to package oneself, just as a commodity sets up its brand by the right packaging.
64. It can be concluded from the text that _________ .
A．people should be packed at all ages
B．people should be packed in a special way
C．elderly people also care about packing
D．proper packing makes people attractive
65. According to the author, if you want to keep in harmony with nature, you should _________ .
A．dye your hair B.make up at a young age
C．follow the ageing process D.give up fame and wealth
66. For the middle-aged, attractiveness _________ .
A．hardly exists B.is the strongest
C．comes from the inside D.comes from the appearance
67. The underlined sentence means that elderly people _________
A．are usually packed like a finely-made book
B．experience a lot and have rich knowledge of life
C．do a lot of traveling and can give you much information
D．enjoy reading thick books of beautiful nature and fairylands
D
With only about 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone (克隆) the animal and save the endangered species (物种). That’s a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark.”
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos (胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct (灭绝的), Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A & M’s College of Veterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future .
It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.
This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant (注入) the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer (核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available (capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A & M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed.”
68. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to _________ .
A．make efforts to clone the endangered pandas
B．save endangered animals from dying out
C．collect DNA of endangered animals to study
D．transfer the nuclear of one animal to another
69. According to Professor Kraemer, the major problem in cloning pandas would be the lack of _________ .
A．available panda eggs B．host animals
C．qualified researchers D．enough money
70. The best title for the passage may be _________ .
A．China’s Success in Pandas Cloning
B．The First Cloned Panda in the World
C．Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D．China—the Native Place of Pandas Forever
71. From the passage we know that _________ .
A．Kraemer and his team have succeeded in cloning a dog
B．scientists try to implant a panda’s egg into a rabbit
C．[JP4]Kraemer will work with Chinese scientists in clone researches[JP]
D．[JP2]about two thousand of species will probably die out in a century[JP]
E
Want a glance of the future of health care? Take a look at the way the various networks of people about patient care are being connected to one another, and how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patient——no matter where he or she may be.
Online doctors offering advice based on normal symptoms (症状) are the most obvious example. Increasingly, however, remote diagnosis (远程诊断) will be based on real physiological data (生理数据) from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using personal data assistance plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly practical to send a patient’s important signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment, the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past .
Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural (countryside) care. And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster need——especially after earthquakes. On the whole, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and experts’ opinions.
But there is one problem. Bandwidth (宽带) is the limiting factor for sending complex (复杂) medical pictures around the world, -CT photos being one of the biggest bandwidth users. Communication satellites may be able to deal with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes or wars. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of remote (遥远的) medical service .
Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis (诊断), training and telemedicine. With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should start a new time when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, experts’ opinions and diagnosis are common .
72. The writer chiefly talks about _________ .
A．the use of telemedicine B.the on-lined doctors
C．medical care and treatment D.communication improvement
73. The basis of remote diagnosis will be _________ .
A．personal data assistance B.some words of a patient
C．real physiological information D.medical pictures from the Internet
74. Which of the following statements is true according to the text？
A．Patients don’t need doctors in hospitals any more
B．It is impossible to send a patient’s signs over the telephone
C．Many teams use telemedicine dealing with disasters now
D．Broadband communications will become cheaper in the future
75. The “problem” in the fourth paragraph refers to the fact that _________ .
A．bandwidth isn’t big enough to send complex medical pictures
B．the second-generation of Internet has not become popular yet
C．communication satellites can only deal with short-term needs
D．there is not enough equipment for spreading the medical care
六、写 （共两节，满分35分）
第一节 短文改错 （共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：
该行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。
该行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧)，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
该行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
注意：原行没有错的不要改。
In my hometown there used to be a temple with a 76. _________
history of over eight hundred years. It laid in a 77. _________
valley with green hills around it. It was such beautiful 78. _________
and famous that many tourists came visit it every day. 79. _________
They took photo; they wrote down their names on the 80. _________
walls, they were brought food and drink and left rubbish 81. _________
everywhere. One day some tourists did a fire to cook 82. _________
food near the temple. All of sudden, a strong wind 83. _________
blew. The wooden temple caught fire. Soon the wholly 84. _________
temple was burned out and only a little walls remained. 85. _________
The beautiful temple disappeared.
第二节 书面表达 （满分25分）
众所周知，Internet在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用。 请根据下面所提供的信息写一篇题为“On the Internet”的英语短文。注意：短文必须包括下面所有内容，可适当发挥，短文长度控制在100个单词左右。
信息：看国内外新闻，获取其它信息；
通讯：打电话；发电子邮件；
学习：阅读在线的各种书籍，自学外语；
娱乐：听音乐，观看体育比赛，玩游戏；
生活：网上购物
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