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| 日期：2006-2-14 23:15:00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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（六） Together, wind and water create a variable terrain of chop, swells, and waves as we attempt to glide smoothly across the water. Between the driving forces of the wind and the changing surface of the water is your knee joint, which acts as both shock absorber and steering linkage between your body and your board. The knee joint is composed of three bones held together by a ligament complex to form a hinge-type joint. The femur, the bone of the thigh, moves against the surface of the tibia, the long bone of the calf. The patella, or knee cap, is a round bone that glides over the front of the femur. The knee joint is stabilized by ligaments, which attach bones together. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents the tibia from sliding forward of the femur, while the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevents the tibia from sliding backward as the knee bends. The medial collateral and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL) attach to the sides of the femur and tibia and prevent the knee from collapsing sideways. Around the edge of the tibial plateau is the meniscus, a ring of tissue that helps the femur track smoothly when the knee bends. The muscles moving the knee are the thigh quadriceps, which extend or straighten the knee, and the hamstrings, which flex or bend the knee. A stable knee requires intact ligaments, menisci, and strong muscles. Injury to the knee occurs when any of its structures is overstressed or damaged. Early signs of injury include selling of the knee, and pain with motion. More severe injuries demonstrate gross instability of the joint and severe pain. Most often, injury to the meniscus occurs when it is crushed between the femur and tibia during a sudden twist. Excessive inward stress can result in a MCL tear and, with subsequent loss of support, a possible ACL tear. Partially torn ligaments can heal with proper therapy, but complete tears and gross joint instability will most likely require surgical repair. Luckily, not all knee injuries are as dramatic. Often, over stressing the knee results in a lowgrade ligament sprain that resolves after several days of rest. Occasionally, the patella will be bruised during a fall and be painful for a short time. As a general rule, any swelling or feeling of instability is a sign of serious damage and should receive medical attention. Avoid a knee injury by being physically prepared. Ligaments cannot be strengthened by exercise, so strong muscles are needed to stabilize the knee. An exercise simulating windsurfing is to place you back against a wall and gently lower yourself into a partially seated position. Lying on your stomach and bending your knees against resistance will help strengthen the hamstrings. Strong quadriceps help stabilize the knee from sudden bending forces, while strong hamstring will help support the ACL against damage. Finally before heading out onto the water, be sure to warm up and stretch your thigh and calf muscles. 1.The writer of this passage is writing primarily for the benefit of____. A) doctors B) windsurfers C) joggers D) therapists 2.Which of the following statements could you not infer from the passage? A) Knee problems are usually avoidable. B) Strong muscles around the knee help avoid knee problems. C) Few knee injuries actually occur from windsurfing. D) Windsurfing provides doctors with frequent opportunity to examine the inner working for the knee. 3.What does the first sentence of the last paragraph ("Lying on your stomach…" sentence 1) do in relation to the first sentence of the last but one paragraph ("Avoid a knee …" sentence 2)? A) It express the similarities between something and an idea stated in sentence 2. B) It gives a specific example of the idea stated in sentence 2. C) It defines something referred to in sentence 2. D) it alters the meaning of sentence 2. 4.The tone the author of the passage adopted may be described as ____. A) playful B) cynical C) hard D) serious 5.The main purpose of the passage is to tell ____. A) the composition of the knee joint B) the danger involved in windsurfing C) how to avoid knee injury D) how to do windsurfing 语言注释 本文的专业词汇较多，但作者大多都已经在文中作了解释。不要被文章的专业性吓倒。这类 的文章虽生词较多，但句型往往简单易懂。本文就是一例。 1.ligament n.韧带 2.tear 注意这个词除眼泪一义外还有"破处，裂缝"的意思。它可以用作动词，有撕 、扯、破坏的意思。 3.simulate vt.伪装，仿造，模拟 4.gross adj.显著的,易见的 如，gross injustice/a gross error 答案解析 1.B 文章的开始和结尾部分都有提及windsurfer. 2.A 最后一段为防止膝盖损伤提出了简单易行的建议。 3.B lying on your stomach and bending… 是 being physically prepared 的一种作法。 4.D 大多数科技类文章的语气都是严肃的。应注意的是选项B。cynical 是"嘲讽的"的意思。 5.C 文章从膝盖的结构讲起， 但目的却是为如何防治创伤作准备。 （七） Gore Mountain, in the central Adirondacks, is best known for its ski slopes, but on its north side is an open pit that has made the peak world famous for garnets. This was the Barton mine, which yielded more of the burgundy-colored mineral than any other in the world. Garnets is common throughout the Adirondacks, whose rocks were once baked at high temperatures and subjected to crushing pressures miles below the surface. For some reason the garnet crystals in Gore Mountain grew to the size of cabbages; some reached three feet in diameter. The process may have taken millions of years, as minerals in the surrounding rock dissolve d and their atoms recrystallized as metamorphic garnet. Water, which facilitates this transformation as it percolates through rock may have played a key role in producing the giant crystals; a fault that borders the Gore deposit may have served as a conditions that initiate crystal growth spawned a limited number of garnets; all the available material then gravitated to these crystals, which grew to enormous size. In the 1850s, Henry Hudson Barton, a jeweler's apprentice in Boston, learned that the garnets displayed in his employer's store came from a large source of the mineral located in the Adirondack Mountain. Years later, in Philadelphia, he married the daughter of the nation's first sandpaper manufacturer. Knowing the great hardness of garnets, Barton reasoned they might make a better abrasive than the quartz or flint in the sandpaper then available. Exploring in the Adirondacks, he located the garnet source at Gore Mountain and produced the first garnet-coated sandpaper. Tested in several woodworking shops near Philadelphia, it proved to be a superior product, and Barton was soon selling all he could make. Barton began mining at Gore Mountain in 1878; nine years later he bought the entire mountain from New York State. Miners extracted the large crystals with hammers and chisels, storing the ore on the mountain until winter, when the garnet was sledded down to the railroad and shipped to the Barton plant. In 1983,the Barton Mine Corporation closed its operation at Gore Mountain because of concerns over the stability of a 200-foot-mine wall. The mine was relocated at Ruby Mountain, about four miles north, where it operates today, selling between 10,000 to 12,000 tons of garnet abrasive annually, more than 90% of the world market. 1.Which of the following statements could you infer from the passage? A) Gore Mountain's garnets are the best for abrasive use. B) There is a nearly inexhaustible supply of Gore Mountain garnets. C) Nearly every day a new use for Gore Mountain's garnets is discovered. D) New mining techniques will allow major increases in production of Gore Mountain's garnets. 2.In this passage all of the following names refer to Gore Mountain's garnet except for ____. A) abrasive B) crystals C) metamorphic garnets D) rocks 3.The author if this passage creates a tone that can be described as ____. A) uneasy B) nostalgic C) factual D) humorous 4.The subject of this passage is ____. A) mining garnets B) garnets C) Gore Mountain Garnets D) uses of industrial garnets 5.The details in the first paragraph ("Garnet is common…") ____. A) establish the scientific basis for the reading selection B) point out that garnets take a long time to form C) identify where garnets may be found D) give a possible reason for the unique nature of Gore Mountain garnets 语言注释 1.garnet n.石榴石 是否知道此词的意思在阅读中其实并不重要,只要能猜出这是一种矿藏就好了。 2.diameter n.直径 3.percolate v.渗过，滤过 4.fault n.此词在文中不是过错的意思，而是指断层 5.spawn 此词作名词时是鱼卵、鱼子的意思，但在本文中应取它的动词意义，即大量生产。 6.abrasive 文中意思是磨料(摩擦表面用的材料)。它也可作形容词是(导致)擦伤 的，(引起)磨损的，粗糙的意思。如， an abrasive voice 7.The mine was relocated at Ruby Mountain, about four miles north, where it operates today, selling between 10,000 to 12,000 tons of garnet abrasive annually, more than 90% of the world market. 注意插入语about four miles north 省略了of the old mine. 新矿的位置在老矿以北4英里。 答案解析 1.D 最后一段描述了Barton时代的开掘方法，又指出现代产量之大。选项B具有一定迷惑性。本文的确指出了戈尔山出产石榴石产量惊人，但并没有理由相信此处的矿藏取之不尽，用之不竭。 2.D 注意rock 是岩石，文中已经明确指出岩石要高温融化后原子结晶才能产生晶体。 3.C 文章从头到尾都在客观的介绍事实，未见任何感情色彩。注意nostalgic 是想家的，怀旧的。 4.B 选项A和D 都是文章的分支内容。 5.D 第一段中的具体细节都是围绕戈尔山石榴石结晶体之大展开的。选项A似有一定迷惑性。第一段的确像是对戈尔山石榴石的介绍，但与后文并无基础与发展的关系，即后文的介绍并非建立在第一段之上。 （八） Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals' understanding, research on self-recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of self-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children. The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for tem consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, "Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril." Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts to touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and do have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance. 1.The idea this passage discusses is ____. A) whether dogs recognize themselves in mirrors B) whether the grooming practices of chimps can be altered C) whether nonhumans have a self-concept D) whether chimps change their behavior when a mirror is present 2.The first sentence of paragraph 2 ("The evidence indicates …") may be interpreted to mean that ____. A) nearly all animals have some self-concept B) nearly all animals have no self-concept C) nearly all animals have an awareness of the uses of mirrors D) nearly all animals have a fear of mirrors 3.The writer of the passage probably ____. A) prefer dogs to chimps B) have done more research with chimps that dogs C) enjoyed the experience involved in working with animals D) want to see more research on non-human awareness 4.The author's purpose in the passage is ____. A) to compare dog behaviors to chimp behaviour B) to defend an idea C) to explore recent research on nonhuman self-awareness D) to evaluate a hypothesis 5.The purpose of the experiment introduced in the last paragraph is ____. A) to prove that the chimps are not self-recognitive B) to prove that the chimps have the ability to remember their own appearance C) to prove that the chimps have realized that the figures they see in t he mirrors are themselves D) to prove that the chimps are non-human 语言注释 1.snarl vi.狗的嗥叫 也用来指人的咆哮 2.chimpanzee n.非洲人猿；黑猩猩 3.celery n.芹菜 4.anesthetize v.麻醉 Anesthesia 是它的名词,有失去知觉的意思 5.In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children. 此句应注意两个并列的定语从句。参考译文：另外，对动物的研究工作促进了非语言交流的方法的应用。这些方法正适合应用于还不会讲话的孩子。 答案解析 1.C 本文先提出一种观点后再用另一观点反驳。主题句在第二段第二句。其余选项都只概括了文章的一部分。 2.A self-concept 就是the ability to recognize themselves. 3.D 此题可用排除法。原文并没有明确支持或陈述其它三种观点。 4.D 作者通过讲述一系列的实验来证明认为所有动物都没有自我意识的观点是错误的。 5.C 考察最后的因果句。黑猩猩在第一次照镜子时认识到并记住了镜子里它们自己的样子。被作了标记后再照镜子，它们就会发现自己的样子有了变化并对这种变化做出反应。 （九） We were watching and taping the colorized version of Casablanca on Ted Turner's network. Color did not affect the dialogue, and one of my pet peeves of usage was still there. It came, as it always does, near Bogart's moment of decision when Claude Rains says to him, "Apparently you are the only one in Casablanca who has less scruples than I." "I don't see anything wrong with it," my wife said when I mentioned the mistake. "Nobody can have less scruples," I said, "the word less just does not go with things you can count, like scruples." "How about 'less calories'?" "Never," I said. "It has to be 'fewer calories, fewer scruples. Fewer goes with things you can count." "Who counts scruples?" "Whether you count them or not, they are countable things. But less goes only with stuff you cannot count, like truth." "I think there are many truths," my wife said. She has a way of cutting to the heart of things, by passing details. I tried to make my point another way. "Many truths, yes, but not many truth. It is like cash. You do not count cash. You count nickels and dimes and quarters. You never see one cash or two cashes." "Not up close," she said. "That's why you can't count it. You can have less cash, but not fewer cash." "Not quite true," she said. "I couldn't have less." She is always talking about reality when I'm talking about words. "There's no such thing as a number of cash," I said. "Like all uncountable things, cash comes in amounts but not in numbers." Casablanca moved toward its finale. Bogart was saying to Bergman that their troubles didn't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world. "Is a hill of beans an amount of beans or a number of them?" my wife asked. Obviously my wife had heard somebody in the family say I didn't know beans. "It's number," I said. "Fewer beans, not less. Beans are like scruples." "What happened to the fog?" she asked. "In the black-and-white version there's lots of fog." It was true. In color, the fog in the final scene didn't show up well. Without the fog, the line had lost some of its impact. "There is fewer fog in color," she said testing me again. "Less fog," I said, "not fewer. And fewer scruples. Not less scruples." "Well, in color his scruples seem even less," she said. Like the fog, the scruples did seem less, as well as fewer, in color. Color smoothes the edges. When it was over, we agreed that Casablanca in color, even with less fog, has no less appeal than it has in classic black and white, and no fewer moments to remember. 1.The overall organizational structure of this passage is ____. A) summary B) cause and effect C) time order D) comparison 2.The sentence "In color, the fog in the final scene didn't show up well." tells the reader ____. A) a fact B) an opinion C) an assumption D) a belief 3.The writer of this passage is biased ____. A) in favor of Ted Turner B) in favor of old movies C) in favor of the black-and-white version of Casablanca D) in favor of the colorized version of Casablanca 4.The author's tone in this passage may be described as ____. A) playful B) ambivalent C) arrogant D) mocking 5.The word "finale" in the last paragraph means ____. A) climax B) end C) beginning D) stop 语言注释 1.to cut to the heart of things 形容人看问题透彻，出语中的 2.pet peeve 主要用在口语中，指最让人气恼的东西 3.scruple n.顾忌 4.这是一篇很口语化的文章，以对话为主。没有过于晦涩难懂的句子。阅读时应注意句子的前后衔接。从上下文中理解作者的意图，尤其要注意作者调侃的语气。 答案解析 1.C 文章从头到尾记述了作者与妻子边看电影边争论的过程。 2.B 此题应该很容易排除C和D。这个陈述句给出了作者对最后一场戏的评价，即表现的并不尽如人意。这种评价自然不是fact而是opinion 了。 3.B 此题应首先排除A，一个不相关的选项。对于C和D，作者已经在末段表明了态度。 4.A 作者很轻松的记录了自己与妻子的一次玩笑似的讨论。Ambivalent 是情绪矛盾的意思。 5.B 这个词很容易联想到final, 所以并不难猜。他往往指音乐上最后的乐章；终曲， 或指歌剧的终场，结尾。 （十） Regardless of the source or kind of light, the ability of light to form an image is dependent upon just one thing-a small hole or a lens to bring the rays to a focus. The principle of image formation was discovered in early Greek Times. Later it was realized that the eye itself has a lens and that an image is, in fact, formed on the retina, the rear inside surface of the eyeball. Some man inside a cave or a darkened room noticed that light entering through a small hole in the wall formed an image on the far wall. It was observed that if you enlarge the hole, the image blurred and disappeared. On the other hand, the smaller the hole, the sharper the image-down to a certain diameter after which making the hole smaller makes the image worse again. The function of a pinhole is to screen out all light rays except those coming in a perfectly straight line from the object, thus improving the sharpness of the image. After passing through a point the rays again spread out a little bit, and the size of the image formed will depend upon how far back the wall, screen, or film is from the pinhole.The full exploitation of this phenomenon had to wait for the development of the lens, which gathered in a much larger number of light rays and still brought them to form an image, just as the pinhole did, but with a difference: in a pinhole camera, the light rays form an image that is equally sharp regardless of the distance to the film. When a lens is used, there may be a choice of planes of focus determined by the adjusting the lens-to-film distance. Each plane is located some distance behind and relatively parallel to the lens. Actual blown glass was developed early in Egyptian times, and the first lens may have been the bottom of a wine bottle. However, the first deliberate grinding of lenses did not take place until the thirteenth century, and the art did not become established until the sixteenth century. A book on the grinding and polishing of lenses was issued by B.Battista della Porta in 1589,but it was not until 1611 that Kepler compared a lens of glass to the lens in the eye and showed that rays from each point of an object were brought to a focus at each corresponding point of an image on the retina. Then, in 1619,Scheiner demonstrated the actual formation of an inverted image on the retina. 1.A good title for this selection would be____. A) Modern Lenses B) The Modern Camera C) Lenses and Image Formation D) Development in Photography 2.A camera lens is preferable to a pinhole because it can ____. A) offer a choice of planes of focus B) gather more light rays C) control the size of the image formed on the film D) gather more light rays and bring them to a focus at a given plane 3.The principle of inverted image formation ____. A) was discovered by Battista della Porta in 1589 B) was not understood until the first lens had been manufactured C) is independent of the presence or absence of a lens or pinhole D) was demonstrated by a human Eye 4.The author compares the pinhole to a lens in order to show ____. A) the development of the lens B) that both operation on the same principle C) how the early camera operated D) how primitive scientific thinking was, prior to the 16th century 5.The word "corresponding" in the last paragraph means ____. A) keeping in touch B) in harmony C) small D) different 语言注释 1.retina n.视网膜 2.deliberate 文中是"故意的，存心的"意思 如a deliberate lie/insult 也可作动词，有"仔细考虑、商讨"的意思。 3.The full exploitation of this phenomenon had to wait for the development of the lens, which gathered in a much larger number of light rays and still brought them to form am image, just as the pinhole did, but with a difference：in a pinhole camera, the light rays form an image that is equally sharp regardless of the distance to the film. 读这句话时要注意到底两者哪里相同，哪里不同。Just as the pinhole did 是就它前面的分句而言，而but with a difference 是指冒号后面的部分。 参考译文：要充分利用这一现象是透镜得到发展后的事。透镜可以集结更多的光束，并且依然可以象小孔一样成相，但是有一点两者不同，在小孔摄影机里，无论胶片与小孔的距离远近，光线都可以相成同样清晰的影像。 4.A book on the grinding and polishing of lenses was issued by B.Battista della Porta in 1589, but it was not until 1611 that Kepler compared a lens of glass to the lens in the eye and showed that rays from each point of an object were brought to a focus at each corresponding point of an image on the retina. 此句but 后面的部分较复杂。这部分是个强调句，it is…that…强调了事情发生的时间。要注意not until的用法。参考译文：1589年B· 巴第思塔·德拉·波尔塔 出版了有关透镜的打磨与磨光的书籍，但是直到1611年，凯朴乐才比较了玻璃透镜与人眼的水晶体，并发现来自物体各点的光线都能在视网膜成像上找到对应的点。 答案解析 1.C 这是主题题，要找出陈述内容涵盖全文的选项。A和B是分支内容；D 是最有迷惑性的选项， 但它对本文太大了。 2.D 第三段第一句明确指出透镜能够聚集更多的光线并像孔一样成相。要注意just as the pinhole did 是指brought them to form am image 而非 gathered in a much larger number of light rays，否则容易理解错误。 3.D 第四段中作者用人眼的成像过程说明了倒像的形成原因。 4.B 这条原理在第一二三段中都在讨论。 5.B 从整个语境句的意思，推断出相应的含义。这个词来自correspond.常用作correspond with，意思是符合。也有与人通信的意思。 |
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