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| 日期：2006-2-15 13:33:00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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(一) Last year, courts sentence 233 people to death but actually executed none, while policemen kill an estimated 590 people. Probably half of them were a threat to no one, including the police officers who killed them. The police power to kill is unique in that it is not limited to self-defense or defense of others. On most states, the law still allows police officers to shoot to kill any fleeing felony suspect. This is a carry-over from centuries-old English Common Law, which classified only eight serious crimes as felonies, all of which were punishable by death. Though English courts denied police the right to kill suspects fleeing from nonviolent felonies over 100 years ago, most American courts continue to support firmly that police right. In current American law, in addition to most violent crime, the list of felonies has come to include a broad range of nonviolent crime, such as car theft and other larcenies, none of which is punishable by death after conviction in court but is legally punishable by death before arrest on the street if the suspect tries to flee from the police. Limited statistical evidence suggests that perhaps as many as half of the people killed by policemen are fleeing felony-and even misdemeanor-suspects. When a police officer is killed, the law-enforcement and criminal-justice systems always react swiftly and deliberately in investigating the killing. But when the police kill-in a typical year, for each police officer killed in the line of duty, six citizens were killed by policemen-the system reacts quite differently. Killing by the police is investigated by the police. These internal investigations normally proceed unnoticed by the general public and the conclusions reached seldom become public information. Because internal investigation is often intended to defend police action more than investigate it, less than one percent of all killings by policemen are ruled unjustifiable by police departments, even though independent studies have found that 25 to 50 percent of the victims have been unarmed. 1.The writer of the editorial states that internal investigations of police killings ____. A) are swift and accurate in administering justice B) often result in the suspension from the police force of an officer found to be careless with a gun C) seldom result in the conviction of a police officer for the killing of a citizen D) are a form of protection for the average citizen against unreasonable police action 2.The editorial states that ____. A) in English, police may kill a suspect who is fleeing from a nonviolent felony B) in the United States, police may kill a suspect who is fleeing from a nonviolent felony C) in most states, policemen may shoot to kill only in self-defense or defense of others D) English Common Law is inadequate because of today's high crime rate 3.Why the police power to kill is exclusive? A) The law support the police to kill. B) The police is more powerful than any other forces. C) Such killing is not limited to self-defense of defense of others. D) The police is a part of the government. 4.The word "felony" in the last sentence of paragraph 2 means ____. A) serious crime B) killing C) robbing D) raping 5.If the author adopted a tone in writing the passage, it can be described as ____. A) furious B) melancholic C) objective D) delighted 语言注释 1.flee vi.逃跑，逃离，如,He killed his enemy and fled the country. 2.misdemeanor n.法律用词，较轻的犯法行为，小罪 3.unjustifiable adj.无法证明为正当的； 没理由的。 它是justifiable 的反义词。 4.swiftly adv.很快地,即刻 5.In current American law, in addition to most violent crime, the list of felonies has come to include a broad range of nonviolent crime, such as car theft and other larcenies, none of which is punishable by death after conviction in court but is legally punishable by death before arrest on the street if the suspect tries to flee from the police. 参考译文：当前的美国宪法规定，除最严重的暴力犯罪外，重罪还包括了许多非暴力犯罪，如偷车和盗窃，而这些罪名无一应当在法庭依法被判死罪，但如果嫌疑犯拒捕逃跑，警察就可依法在逮捕前将其杀死。 答案解析 1.C 文章第三段指出，Because internal investigation is often intended to defend police action more than investigate it, less than one percent of all killings by policemen are ruled unjustifiable by police department，内部调查公布的结果是被警察枪杀的人中只有百分之一的人是无辜的。也就是说百分之九十九的枪杀了嫌疑犯的警察都被定无罪。百分之一对百分之九十九，解释了seldom. 2.B 在第二段中作者指出,most American courts continue to support firmly that police right大多数的美国法庭都继续支持警察杀死企图逃跑的非暴力重罪嫌疑犯。 A和C与作者所持的观点相反。D错在作者在文中并未对英国习惯法的优劣给予评判。 3.C 第二段第一句指出,The police power to kill is unique in that it is not limited to self-defense or defense of others 警察杀人权力的独特性在于这不仅仅限于自我保护和保护他人,题支中的exclusive就是unique 的意思。 4.A 此词的意思是重罪或重罪犯的意思。 5.C 文章始终保持了冷静客观的语气，甚至未对警察杀人一事直接表态，而是用事实说话。 (二) This is the flame like quality our life has-it is but the concurrence, renewed from moment to moment, of forces parting sooner or later on their ways. Every moment some form grows perfect in hand or face; some tone on the hills or the sea is choicer than the rest; some mood of passion or insight or intellectual excitement is irresistibly real and attractive to us-for that moment only. Not the fruit of experience, but experience itself, is the end. A counted number of pulses only is given to us of a variegated, dramatic life. How may we see in them all that is to be seen in them by the finest senses? How shall we pass most swiftly from point to point and be present always at the focus where the greatest number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. Not to discriminate every moment some passionate attitude in those about us, and in the very brilliancy of their gifts some tragic dividing of forces on their ways, is, on this short day of frost and sun, to sleep before evening. With this sense of the splendor of our experience and of its awful brevity, gathering all we are into one desperate effort to see and touch, we shall hardly have time to make theories about the things we see and touch. We are all "condemned" , as Victor Hugo says: we are all under sentence of death but with a sort of indefinite reprieve: we have an interval, and then our place knows us no more. Some spend this interval in listlessness, some in high passions, the wisest, at least among "the children of this world" , in art and song. For our one chance lies in expanding that interval, in getting as many pulsations as possible into the given time. Great passions may give us this quickened sense of Life, ecstasy and sorrow of love, the various forms of enthusiastic activity, disinterested or otherwise, which come naturally to many of us. Only be sure it is passion-that it does yield you this fruit of a quickened, multiplied consciousness. Of such wisdom, the poetic passion, the desire of beauty, the love of art for its own sake, has most. For art comes to you proposing frankly to give nothing but the highest quality to your moments as they pass, and simply for those moments' sake. 1.This author would feel at home with which of the following cultural goals? A) The spiritual preoccupation of the Middle Ages. B) The death-oriented world of the Egyptians. C) The artistic demands of the impressionist painters of 19th Century France. D) The scientific technological pursuit of the Twentieth Century. 2.The word "ecstasy" in the last paragraph means ____. A) excitement B) great joy C) melancholy D) anger 3.In his attitude toward life, the author can best be described as ____. A) a stoic B) a sensualist C) an aesthete D) an erotic 4.The author urges the reader to ____. A) achieve as many experiences of beauty as possible B) gain as much experience as possible C) plan for the future D) create art 5.Which of the following may seems to the author a success in life? A) To experience as much as possible in life. B) To calmly pass every moment of your life. C) To reveal the secret of everything in this world. D) To set up a set of theories concerning the world. 语言注释 1.concurrence n.同时(或同地)发生,同时存在,合作 2.variegated adj.杂色的,斑驳的。文中指丰富多彩的 3.ecstasy n.狂喜,心醉神迷 4.listlessness n.倦怠,无精打采 5.pulsations n.心脏跳动,悸动 6.Not to discriminate every moment some passionate attitude in those about us, and in the very brilliancy of their gifts some tragic dividing of forces on their ways, is, on this short day of frost and sun,to sleep before evening. 此句的主语是一个祈使句，谓语和表语为is to sleep before evening。 7.With this sense of the splendor of our experience and of its awful brevity, gathering all we are into one desperate effort to see and touch, we shall hardly have time to make theories about the things we see and touch. 这个长句的最后一部分才是主句。可翻译为：意识到经历的美妙和稍纵即逝，我们就会不遗余力的去观赏触摸，这样我们就几乎不会有时间就我们所看到触摸到的东西总结什么理论了。 答案注释 1.C 为艺术而艺术的观点和对感官美的追求可以排除其它选项。 2.B 在文中第四段的第二句话中，讲到great passion 给我们带来ecstasy 和sorrow,从中可判断出这两个词互为反义词，因此是极为高兴的意思。 3.C 根据第三段末句可排除B和D。stoic 指高度自制者，来自stoicism,坚韧的精神或操守。erotic是adj.性爱的,性欲的,色情的 或n.好色之徒的意思。sensualist 是n.好色之徒,感觉论者,感觉主义者的意思。 4.A 语言重现在第三段出现，作者建议去经历美，而非去找理论。 5.A 语言重现在第二段第三句话。作者倡导去经历各种感觉。 （三） Fire can be thought of as any combustion process intense enough to emit light. It may be a quietly burning flame or the brilliant flash of an explosion. A typical combustion process is the burning of gasoline in an automobile engine. The vaporized fuel is mixed with air, compressed in the engine's cylinder, and ignited by a spark. As the fuel flame up, the heat produced flows into the adjacent layer of unburned fuel and ignites it. In this way a zone of fire spreads throughout the fuel mixture is called a combustion wave. The speed at which such a combustion wave travels through a fuel mixture is called the burning velocity of the mixture. The burning velocity of a gas such as methane quietly burning in air is only about one foot per second. By comparison, the burning velocity of more reactive combinations such as the rocket fuels, hydrogen and fluorine, can be hundreds of feet per second. If the fuel flows at the same speed as the combustion wave, the result is a stationary flame, like the one in your kitchen gas burner. In the kitchen burner a jet of gas mixed with airflows from the opening in the head of the burner. If the velocity of the fuel mixture flowing from the opening is greater than its burning velocity, the flame blows out. In jet engines speeding through the air at 500 to 600 miles per hour, the engine's flame is sometimes blown out by the blast of air entering the combustion chamber at high speeds. Jet pilots call this condition "flameout" . Combustion can sometimes occur very slowly. A familiar example of slow combustion is the drying of ordinary oil-based paint. In this chemical reaction, called oxidation, the oxygen in the air reacts with the drying oil in the paint to provide a tough film. The linseed oil molecules link together, forming an insoluble coating. How can the chemical reaction involved in such a quiet process as the drying of paint also produce spectacular flames and explosions? The main difference between the two is the temperature at which they occur. At lower temperatures the reaction must take place over a long time. The heat which is slowly produced is dissipated to the surroundings and does not speed up the reaction. When the heat produced by the low-temperature reaction is retained instead of being dissipated, the system breaks into flame. In a flame or explosion, the reactions are extremely fast. In many chemical processes, however, such a rapid oxidation process would be extremely destructive. 1.Which of the following states the major difference between oxidation and fire? A) Their burning velocities differ in rate. B) Oxidation is a chemical reaction while fire is a physical reaction. C) Oxidation does not create heat. D) They occur at different temperatures. 2.Rocket fuels are more explosive than methane gas because of ____. A) the temperature at which combustion takes place B) the degree of oxidation accomplished by the combustion process C) the location of the combustion D) the greater burning velocity 3.A steady flame in a gas range is the result of ____. A) a burning velocity equal to the combustion wave B) fuel being supplies a the same rate as the combustion wave C) fuel being supplied at a higher rate than that of the burning velocity D) a low combustion wave 4.Which of the following could not be defined as combustion? A) A quietly burning flame. B) An explosion. C) A radiator giving off heat. D) The drying of oil-based paint. 5.An attempt on the part of the author of this passage to give a more informal tone to his writing occurs in ____. A) paragraph 2 B) paragraph 4 C) paragraph 5 D) paragraph 7 语言注释 1.methane n.甲烷,沼气 2.be blown out 被吹灭,吹熄 3.blast n.强劲的气流，如，A blast of hot air came from the furnace. 4.molecule n.分子 5.insoluble adj.文中是不能溶解的意思。这个词还有(问题)难以解决的意思。 6.dissipate v. 文中用作被动语态，是"被驱散"的意思。这个词很常用,除"驱散，消失"外还有"浪费(时间、金钱)"的意思。如，He soon dissipated his fortune. 他很快就将财产挥霍一空。注意dissipated 用作形容词是"放荡，浪荡"的意思。 7.destructive adj.毁灭性的；喜好或习惯于破坏的 如a dest ructive storm，它的反义词是constructive. 8.By comparison, the burning velocity of more reactive combinations such as the rocket fuels, hydrogen and fluorine, can be hundreds of feet per second.将此句单独列出是因为这样的比较是阅读常考的地方，本文就是一例。像by comparison, compared with 这样的词组都是比较句最大的标志。 答案解析 1.D 文章倒数第三段明确指出了燃烧与氧化的区别在于发生反应的温度不同。要读懂此段的第一句，找出主干，就可发现比较的内容。 2.D 文章第三段解释了混合液的活性问题。并以甲烷与火箭燃料为例说明活性高的混合液更有爆发力。 3.B 文章第四段第一句提到如果燃料流入的速度与燃烧波相同时会产生稳定的火苗。 4.D 此题根据常识也应猜对。油画的风干是物理过程不可能是燃烧。 5.B 注意在第四段里作者以与读者正面交流的口吻，用了your 使人更觉亲近。 （四） The table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live. So remote is this "real" table-and most of the other "realities" with which science deals-that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the colour purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us.And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may be. We may,if we like,speak of consequence,as certain mystics love to do,of the different levels or orders of truth.We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which,so we may insist,have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science.But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps,at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusions which science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich. 1.The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions,the reader should ____. A) try to rid himself of his world of illusion B) accept his world as being one of illusion C) apply the scientific method D) establish a truth of correspondence 2.Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is ____. A) a humanist B) a pantheist C) a nuclear physicist D) a doctor 3.According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being ____. A) a solid motionless object B) certain characteristic vibrations in "ether" C) a form fixed in space and time D) a mass of atoms on motion 4.The topic of this selection is ____. A) the distortion of reality by science B) the confusion caused by emotions C) Platonic and contemporary views of truth D) the place of scientific truth in our lives 5.By "objective reality" the author means ____. A) scientific reality B) a phenomenon we can directly experience C) reality coloured by emotion D) a symbolic existence 语言注释 1.steer v.驾驶,掌舵 2.attribute vt.将某事归因于。通常用作attribute…to 3.postulate v.要求,假设,假定 4.unwarrantable adj. warrantable 的反义词，意为不正当的，无根据的 5.metaphysical adj.玄学的,形而上的 6.ether n.天空,大气,苍天;［物］以太，乙醚 7.credence n.相信 8.So remote is this "real" table-and most of the other "realities" with which science deals-that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value,and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led,in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. 本文较难，这样的长句也很多，建议阅读时稍放慢速度。 译为：这个"真实"的桌子距离我们太遥远，以至于不能用任何对人类有意义的方式来谈论 它，大多数科学所注重的"事实"也都是这样。而且即使在纯思想上可以接受，它却由于与人们生活中的想法大相径庭而无法融入生活。 9.And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an object reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may be. 此句的基本结构为as…so… 就像前者一样，后者也……，进一步说as the sensation is more important than the concept, so the belief has been more important than the theory.再把从句和插入语归位，应该就可以理解这个句子了。 答案解析 1.B 参考最后一句。此句考察的是长句的附属结构。正确答案出现在第二个分句，it is better that…，此时，that 是主语从句，因为其过长，由it 指代了。最迷惑的选项是D， 注意这个不定式接的谓语是fail to，与题干含义正好相反。 2.A 人文主义者。此题可用排除法。B是泛神论者；C 是原子物理学家。D 是医生。 3.D 本文开头就指出了桌子在科学家眼中是无数跳动着的原子，进而建立了事物的本质与日常生活中人们对事物的感觉的不同。 4.D 主题题型。本文并无明显的主题句，需读通全文后，进行概括。 5.A 参考第一段最后一句话的第一分句。作者提到objective reality 与人们感官看到的不同。对事物(如紫色)科学的解释才是客观现实。还有一点可以帮助你找到答案：作者将objective reality 与宗教联系，很容易让人想到科学。 （五） Hurricanes form over the tropical oceanic regions where the sun heats huge messes of moist air. An ascending spiral motion results, in the same manner as described in tornado formation. When the moisture of the rising air condenses, the latent heat provides additional energy and more air rises up the column. This latent heat is a chief source of the hurricane's energy and is readily available from the condensation of the moist air of its source region. Unlike the tornado, a hurricane gains energy from its source region. As more and more air rises, the hurricane grows, accompanied by clouds and increasing winds that blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm, low-pressure center-the eye of the hurricane. The eye may be 20 to 30 miles wide, and ships sailing into this area have found that it is usually calm and clear with no indication of the surrounding storm. The air pressure is reduced 6-8% (to about 28 in of Hg) near the eye. Hurricanes move rather slowly at a few miles per hour. Covering broad areas, hurricanes can be particularly destructive. There are winds of at least 74 mi/h, but these can be much greater, up to 120-130 mi/h, which are very dangerous. Mobile homes are particularly vulnerable to hurricane winds. The greatest threat from a hurricane's winds comes from their cargo of debris-a deadly barrage of flying missiles such as lawn furniture, signs, roofing, and metal siding. Hurricane winds do much damage, but drowning is the greatest cause of hurricane deaths. As the eye of the hurricane comes ashore of "make landfall," a great dome of water called a storm surge, often over 50 mi wide, comes sweeping across the coast line. It brings huge waves and storm tides that may reach 25 ft o r more above normal. The rise may come rapidly, flooding coastal lowlands. Nine out of ten hurricane casualties are caused by the storm surge. The torrential rains that accompany the hurricane produce sudden flooding as the storm moves inland. As its winds diminish, rainfall floods constitute the hurricane's greatest threat.Once cut off from the warm ocean, the storm begins to die, starved for water and heat energy, and dragged apart by friction as it moves over the land. Even though a hurricane weakens rapidly as it moves inland, the remnants of the storm can bring 6-12 inches of rain or more to the areas they cross. In 1972,hurricane Agnes fused with another storm system, flooding creek and river basins in the Northeast with more than a foot of rain in less than 12 hours, killing 117 people, and causing almost $3 billion damage. 1.In developing this passage, the pattern of organization the author uses can be described as ____. A) time order B) contrast C) statement and clarification D) classification 2.If the author were delivering this passage orally, his or her tone of voice would probably be ____. A) objective B) celebratory C) righteous D) awestruck 3.The word latent in the first paragraph means ____. A) potential B) low C) high D) extreme 4.Which of the following statement is true? A) In a hurricane the greatest cause of damage is the winds. B) As the hurricane moves on the land, it gradually subsides with lack of wind. C) Hurricanes becomes most destructive when they are on the sea. D) The greatest cause of hurricane death is drowning instead of the winds. 5.Which of the following statements would the author support? A) Hurricanes are merely big storms like tornadoes. B) Hurricane winds are not much of a problem unless you live on the coast. C) Hurricanes are more of a problem for airplanes than for boats. D) Hurricanes are destructive and dangerous across large areas. 语言注释 1.debris n.残骸,破瓦残砾 如，searching among the debris after explosion 2.diminish 文中用作不及物动词，意思是减弱，缩小。也可用作及物动词，意指使某物减少缩小。如，The war has diminished the county's wealth. 3.remnant 文中用作名词，指残余物。也可作形容词，意为残余的，剩的 4.condensation n.浓缩;凝结;冷凝 5.As the eye of the hurricane comes ashore of "make landfall", a great dome of water called a storm surge, often over 50 mi wide, comes sweeping across the coast line. 此句的框架为 as…a dome of water…comes.注意 often over 50 mi wide是插入语，sweeping across the coast line 为伴随状语。 答案解析 1.C 此文使用了极标准的写作模式。文章和段落的topic sentence都非常明显。其后的论述也是紧紧围绕主题。 2.A 作词类有关语气的题目首先必须读出文章的味道来。要注意动词、副词与形容词的使用。其次，必须知道选项词的意思，这就要大家在平时做练习和背单词时用心积累。B）celebratory 是指有褒扬意味；C）righteous 是指正义的；D）awestruck 就是struck by awe 的意思，被吓住而毕恭毕敬。 3.A latent 的英文解释为 present but not yet active,developed or visible. 4.D 这是一道细节题。必须在文中找到与选项有关的论述进行。 对比。D出现在第四段首句。在飓风中造成死亡最重要的原因并不是强风，而是溺死。 5.D 参考第三段首句。飓风在大面积的开阔地带威力最大。 |
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