今天我们就来接着上一讲进行---非限定性定语从句（二）
1 学习非限定性定语从句（二）
1 非限定性定语从句的位置与作用
非限定性定语从句一般放在所修饰的词之后，并用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，拿掉之后该句意思仍然清楚。译为汉语时，从句常可译成一个并列句。
例：①She is going to spend the summer holidays in Qingdao, where she has some relatives. 她准备到青岛过暑假，那儿她有一些亲戚。
②Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977,was one of the world’s greatest actors. 查理·卓别林是世界上最伟大的演员之一，他于1977年逝世。
2 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词与关系副词
引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有：which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有：when和where。
例：①She had eight children, three of whom lived to grow up. 她有八个孩子，其中三个长大成人了。
②He went to the States in 1912, when he was noticed by an important film director. 1912年他去美国，就在那年他被一位颇有影响的电影导演看上了。
3 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的区别
限定性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，它与先行词有着不可分割的联系，是句中不可缺少的成分。而非限定性定语从句对先行词仅起修饰作用或补充说明。限定性定语从句有涉他性，非限定性定语从句有惟一性；先行词如果是表示独一无二的人或事、专有名词或是整个主句时，通常只用非限定性定语从句。
例：①The old farmer has a son who is a soldier. 那位农民有一个当兵的儿子。(老农不止一个儿子。)
②The old farmer has a son, who is a soldier. 那位农民有一个儿子，他是一个战士。(老农只有一个 儿子。)
③Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. 北京是中国的首都，它是座美丽的城市。(专有名词不 需限定，只需解释或说明。)
④The earth goes round the sun, which is known to everyone. 地球绕太阳转，这是大家都知道的。(which代表主句。)
2由后缀ful构成的词䦂WebdingsWBp1非限定性定语从句的位置与作用
名词加后缀ful构成形容词。
例：use(作用)——useful(有用的)
beauty(美)——beautiful(美丽的)
wonder(惊奇)——wonderful(奇妙的)
cheer(愉快)——cheerful(愉快的)
2 名词加后缀ful构成另一个名词。
例：①mouth(口)——mouthful(一满口)
hand(手)——handful(一把)
basket(篮子)——basketful(一篮)
②The child gave me a handful of sweets with a smile. 那小孩微笑着给我一把糖果。
③I saw him carrying a basketful of vegetables on his way home. 我看到他在回家路上带着一满篮蔬菜。
3主要句型结构
1 not only...but also, both...and, not...but, neither...nor与either...or的用法
(1)not only...but also与both...and的用法基本相同，连接两个并列的词或短语，意为“不仅……而且……”
例：①We learn not only Chinese but also English. 我们不仅学汉语而且学英语。
②Both teachers and students are interested in the film. 老师和学生都对这部电影感兴趣。
(2)not...but...连接两个并列的词或短语，否定前者，肯定后者，意为“不是……而是……”。
例：He is not American but British. 他不是美国人而是英国人。
(3)neither...nor...连接两个并列的词或词组，既否定前者又否定后者，意为“既不……也不……”。
例：①We had neithr food nor money. 我们既没食物也没钱。
②Neither he nor you are wholly right. 他不全对，你也不全对。
(谓语动词和邻近的主语在人称和数上一致。)
(4)either...or...连接两个并列的词或句子，表示二者取一，意为“不是……就是……，或是……或是……”。
例：①One of them will have to go,either Tom or Marry. 他们之中只能去一个，或是汤姆或是玛丽。
②Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 不是你改进工作就是我解雇你。
2 表示“打算”的几个结构
表示“打算”可以用动词:intend, plan, want, hope,would like和have decided加动词不定式,也可以用be going to, be about to, be to。
例：①I intend to visit a friend. 我打算去看望一个朋友。
②What are you going to do today? 你今天打算干什么?
③I was about to leave when he came. 我正要离开时，他来了。
3 表示年龄的几种方法
(1)用when连接一个状语从句表示年龄。
例：When he was eighteen(years old),he joined the army. 他十八岁参军。
(2)用at the age of＋数词，作状语表示年龄。
例：At the age of eight, he set off for the USA with a group of comedy actors. 八岁时，他跟一些喜剧演员去了美国。
(3)用at＋数词，作状语表示年龄。
例：Children go to school at six in China. 在中国孩子六岁上学。
(4)用数词yearold作定语表示年龄。
例：A 12yearold player won a gold medal in the 13th Asian Games. 在第十三届亚运会上一位十二岁的运动员获得了一块金牌。
(5)用of＋数词＋years作后置定语表示年龄。
例：They are searching for a lost boy of three years. 他们正在寻找一个失踪的三岁男孩。
4 search, search for, in one’s search for与in search of的用法
(1)及物动词search, 后接名词或代词,表示搜查的对象,意为“搜查某地”，“搜查某人”。
例：①Mr Smith searched every room in the house. 史密斯先生搜查了房子里的每一个房间。
②When we searched him, they were in his pocket. 当我们搜查时发现东西就在他的口袋里。
(2)动词短语search for后接名词或代词，表示“寻找”的目标。
例：①All night they searched for the missing boy. 整夜他们都在搜寻那个失踪的男孩。
②I must search for that lost money until I find it. 我一定要寻找丢失的钱直到找到为止。
(3)动词search后接搜查的地方或人,介词for后接寻找的目标,表示“在某地找某物”。
例：①The policemen searched the house for the stolen articles. 警察搜查那栋房子寻找被偷的物品。
②The doctor searched the wound for the bullet. 医生在伤口里寻找子弹。
(4)search可以用作名词，可以加不定冠词和定冠词，还可以加形容词性的物主代词，通常与介词for连用，表示“寻找某物”。
例：①The search for the little girl went on all day. 寻找那个小女孩的活动整天都在进行。
②I will make a search for your book, but I don’t think I have got it. 我没拿你的书，但我愿意帮你找。
③So far, they have been unlucky in their search for gold and have no money at all. 到那时为止，他们寻找金子的运气一直不好，而且他 们身上一个钱也没有了。
(5)介词短语in search of 后接寻找的目标，在句中作状语意为“寻找某物”。
例：①The boys went in search of something to eat. 男孩子都去找吃的东西了。
②He joined us in search of a new way of increasing production. 他和我们一起来寻找增产的新办法。
5 be to do sth.结构
这个结构常用于正式语体，表示“注定将会”或“按安排将要”的意思。
例：①He was later to regret his decision. 他以后会后悔作出这个决定的。
②The meeting was to be held the following week. 会议安排在下周召开。
6 打电话的用语
表示“我是……”用：This is...(speaking),It’s ... here。
不能用：I am...
询问对方姓名时用:Who is that speaking?/ May I ask who’s calling?/ Who’s calling?
不用:Who are you?
询问“……在家吗?”用:Is sb. in?/ Is sb. at home?/ Is sb. there?/ Is that sb. speaking?
请求与某人通话时用：May/ Can/ Could I speak to sb.? / I’d like to speak to sb. please.
叫对方稍等时用：Hold on, please. Hold the line./ A moment, please.
表达有某人电话时用：sb. be wanted on the phone
请对方留口信时用：Would you like to leave a message?
主动为对方传话用：Can/ Would I take a message for you?
7 it句型
现在把it句型归纳如下：
(1)It＋be＋adj.＋(for sb.) to do sth. 此句型中的形容词是对to do sth.加以说明，所以此句可以改成：To do sth. is＋adj.
常用于此句型中作表语的形容词有：difficult, hard, easy, common，possible, necessary, important等。
例：①It is rather common to have the head of a famous figure on one side of the coin. 通常在硬币的一面有一个名人的头像。
②It is not difficult to find out information about the programmes. 要找到有关这些节目的信息并不难。
(2)It＋be＋adj.＋of＋sb.＋to do sth. 此句型的形容词对sb.进行说明，所以该句型可以改为：sb.＋be＋adj.＋to do sth.
常用于此句型中的形容词有 good, kind, nice, wise, clever,silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, impolite等。
例：①It’s very kind of you to help us.
(＝You are kind to help us.) 你帮助我们真是太好了。
②It was foolish of you to do that.
(＝You were foolish to do that.) 做那事你太愚蠢了。
(3)It＋be＋名词词组＋to do sth. 此句型的名词是对to do sth.的判断或说明，所以此句型可以改为to do sth. is＋名词词组,常用此句型的名词词组有：a pity, a pleasure, (good) advice, the custom, good(bad) manners等。
例：①It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking. 阿拉伯人同朋友谈话时,和他站得很近。这是表示有礼貌。
②In France, it is the custom to shake hands with people in the office every morning. 在法国，每天早上在办公室里与人握手，这是一种习俗。
(4)It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 此句型可以改为：sb.+ be＋过去分词＋to do sth. 常用于此句型的动词有：report, know, say, believe, tell等。
例：①It is known that thousands of Chinese worked in the gold mine in the late 19th century. 据了解，成千上万的中国人在19世纪后期曾经在这个金矿里劳动过。
②It was reported that he had won the game. (＝He was reported to have won the game.) 据说他赢了比赛。
(5)It＋be＋adj.＋that从句 此句型中常用的形容词有:possible,necessary, important, strange, natural等。
例：①It is strange that nobody knows where he has gone. 很奇怪没有人知道他去哪儿了。
②It is possible that one of them kept a kind of bank where the workers could keep their money safe. 其中有一个人可能保管一种钱库。工人们可以把钱存放在那里。
(6)It＋be＋no＋n.＋to do sth./doing sth. 用于此句型的名词有good, use等。
例：①It is no good to read without full understanding. 读书不完全理解是没有好处的。
②It is no use asking him again. 再问他一次也无用。
(7)It＋动词＋that(as if)从句用于此句型的动词有look,seem,appear, happen等。
例：①It looks as if it is going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨。
②It happened that he was not at home. 碰巧他不在家。
(8)it作形式宾语的句型
主语＋v.＋it＋宾语＋真正的宾语。常用于此句型的动词有：make, find, think等。
例：①I find it very difficult to write letters in Chinese. 我发现用汉语写信很困难。
②I think it expensive to buy a new shortwave radio. 我认为买一部新的短波收音机很贵。
③I found it very interesting to study body language. 我发现研究体态语很有意思。
(9)It＋be＋名词词组＋(that)从句
常用于此句型的名词词组有:a shame, a pity, no wonder等。
例：①It is a pity I didn’t think of it earlier. 很遗憾我没有早点想起这件事。
②It is no wonder you were so late. 难怪你来得那么迟。
4学习中应注意的问题
1用于定语从句中的关系代词as与which的区别
(1)当先行词不是一个单词，而是整个主句时，一般既可以用which，又可用as。
例：He was a foreigner,as(which)I knew from his accent. 从他的口音我就知道他是一个外国人。
(2)当主句是从句的原因时，多用which。
例：He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了想法，这一点使我很生气。
(which代替he changed his mind在定语从句中作主语， 也是使我生气的原因。)
(3)在句首时，只能用as, 不用which。
例：As we know, the earth is round. 我们知道地球是圆的。
(4)在词组such...as，the same...as中，一般用as。
例：①You wouldn’t marry such a man as he is,would you? 你不愿意嫁给他这样的人，是吗?
②You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你必须尊敬我的妻，像尊敬我一样。
2 be to do sth.与be about to do sth.的区别
这两个结构都可以表示“将要干某事”,但be to do sth.表示按计划或安排做某事，所表示的时间可远,也可以较近；而be about to do sth.则表示正要(即将)做某事，一般没有时间状语。
例：①He met her in the doorway just as she was about to go away. 在她正要走开时他在门口遇见了她。
②I am to see him today at six o’clock. 我计划今天六点钟去看他。
③We were to have been married last year. 我们本打算去年结婚。 (用不定式的完成时表示“本来打算”)
3 几个过去分词作表语的特殊意义
(1)be receivedreceive 作动词，意为“接收，接受”，但received为形容词,意为“被普遍承认或接受的”,be well received相当于be popular。
例：①Chaplin’s later films, however, were not well received. 但是，卓别林后期的影片并不十分受欢迎。
②His speech was very well received. 他的演讲很受欢迎。
(2)be known to(as)know作动词,意为“知道、懂得、认识”，而短语be known to意为“为……所熟知”;短语be known as意为“以……著称”。
例：①He is known to the police. 警方认识他。
②This was known as“panning for gold”. 这就是人们所熟知的“淘金热”。
(3)be caughtcatch作动词，意为“捕捉，撞见”，而be caught意为“陷入困境、进退两难”。
例：①He was caught in a heavy rain. 他遇上了大雨。
②The car was caught between two trucks. 小汽车被卡在两货车之间。
(4)be set inset作动词，意为“放置,确定”，而be set in意为“以……为背景”、“(戏剧影片)的背景是”。
例：①The film was set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century. 这部影片以19世纪中叶的加利福尼亚为背景。
②The play is set in Paris. 这个剧的背景是巴黎。
4 作定语的过去分词与现在分词的区别
(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动；现在分词作定语表示主动。
例：①The earliest coins in the west were made of gold (which is) mixed with silver. 西方最早的硬币就是用金和银的合金制成的。
②It contained 54，951 coins dating(which dated) from the years 260～275 AD. 共有硬币54，951枚，制币时间为260至275年之间。
(2)现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作或经常性动作，而过去分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生或是没有一定时限。
例：①China is a developing country.
(＝China is a country which is developing.) 中国是一个发展中国家。
②America is a developed country.
(＝America is a country which has developed.) 美国是一个发达国家。
③So once more there will be milu deer living (which live) in the wild in China. 因此，中国将会再有生活在野外的麋鹿了。
④I hate to see letters(which are) written in pencil. 我讨厌看铅笔写的信。
5 add to, add...to...与add up to的区别
(1)add to 意为“增加、加强”。
例：①This adds to our difficulties. 这增加了我们的困难。
②The music added to our enjoyment. 音乐增加了我们的欢乐。
(2)add...to...意为“把……加入……”。
例：①She added sugar to her tea. 她把糖加到茶里。
②Chaplin’s earliest films were silent, because the equipment for adding sound to films had not yet been developed. 卓别林早期的电影都是无声电影，因为给影片配音的设备那时还没有研制出来。
(3)add up to 意为“总共有”。
例：The money he spent added up to more than ＄1000. 他花的钱总计有一千美元。 |
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