虚拟语气

有些条件句是可能实现的，称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿.请求，设想，等未能或不可能实现的事实，或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型，即由if引导的虚拟条件句，省略if的倒装形式，可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句，同位语从句，表语从句的句型，以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without， but for等介词引导的短语或句子.

四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:

1). 主语从句，同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.

2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法，尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.

3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法，应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.

4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.

6). But， or， otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.

7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用

? (1)虚拟语气现在时.? 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.

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Eg. If I were a bird， I would fly to you.

?? If it were not for their help， we should be in a very difficult position.

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?(2) 虚拟语气过去式.? 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.

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Eg. If we had started earlier， we should not have missed the train.

?? If she hadn’t been ill， she might have come.

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?(3)虚拟语气将来式.? 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.

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Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow， we could ask him some questions.

?? If there should be no air， there would be no living things.

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◆ 书面语中，上述(1)，(2)，(3)三种时态的虚拟句中，如果从句里含有should， had， were或其他助动词，则可将从属连词if省去，将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.

Eg. Were he in your position， he’d have done the same.

?? Had I had time， I would have done that yesterday.

?? Should he come tomorrow， I should give him the dictionary.

(1)??? 错综时间虚拟句

?通常情况下，在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的， 但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.? P 116， 2

?Eg. If I were you， I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在， 主句指过去)

If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning， I would not be wet now. (从句指过去，主句指现在).?

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(2)?? 含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，二是暗含在上下文中，比如通过介词短语来表示.

Eg. But for your advice， I could not have done it so successfully.

? ?The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.

?? I was so busy then， Otherwise， I would have told him the answer.

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(3)??? 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.

A)???? 在wish， suggest， order， demand， propose， command， request， recommend， require， decide， insist， desire， urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望，建议， 命令，要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion， proposal， plan， motion， recommendation， demand， order， desire， request， requirement， insistence， advice， decision ， obligatory?? 义不容辞的， 必须的?? 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.

Eg.

B)???? 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中，that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气，即 “should + 动词原形”

这些形容词有:

important， necessary， essential， imperative， natural， strange， advisable， desirable， possible， probable， astonishing， surprising， desired， suggested， requested， recommended， ordered， proposed， decided， moved等.

??? “ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇，遗憾，怀疑，不满等.

ⅰ. 用于expect， believe， think， suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.

?? Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small.

ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity， it is a shame， it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.

?? Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.

C)???? 在由for fear that， in case， lest 等引导的状语从句中，用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.

Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.

D)???? 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.

Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.

E)???? 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.

Eg. He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.

?? He speaks English as though he were an American.

F)????? 在 look， seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中，当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气; 否则，用虚拟语气.

Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)

?? It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)

G)???? 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.

Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!