Chapter1,2,3
1.The Translations of Buddhist Sutras in Sanskrit into Classical Chinese(148A.D-14th.C)
A Pioneers in translation
a)安清,字世高(?-172A.D),安息国太子,译经35部,主要译作:<<大安般守意经>>
b)支娄迦谶:月支国人,译经三部,主要译作:<<般若道行经>>(179A.D)
B Three greatest translators
a)鸠摩罗什(350A.D-409A.D),印度人,385年到凉州,401年到长安,译经74部,主要译作:<<金刚经>>,<<维摩经>>
理论:主张意译,创立佛学专用名词
b)真谛(499-569),印度人,546年到广州,后到建业,译经26部,主要译作:<<摄大乘论>>,<<唯识论>>
理论:可质而得义,不可使文而失旨
c)玄奘(600-664),本名陈炜,河南人,11岁出家,629年赴天竺国,参加四次无遮大会,645年携657部佛经回国,19年译经75部,主要译作:<<瑜珈师地论>>,<<大般若经>>
理论:既需求真,又需遇俗
2.Translation from Christian Culture (15th.c-present)
A.利玛窦, (1552-1620)意大利人,明万历年间来华,主要译作:与徐光启合译<<几何原本>>
B.严复,字又陵(1853-1921)福建人1876-1879留英,主要译作:<<天演论>>,<<原富>>
理论: 信 , 达 , 雅
C.林纾:字琴南,号胃庐(1852-1924)福建人,30年间译出183部文学作品,约一千二百万字.主要译作:<<巴黎茶花女遗事>>(1897),<<吟边燕语>>,与魏易合译(1903)
3.Principles
- Faithfulness to the source text with regard to its author ,time, language characteristic, style, etc..
- Fluency in the target text:
1)clear in meaning
2) standard language
4.Processes
- Comprehension of the source text
1)idioms , allusions etc..
2)complicated sentence structure
3)special usage
- Expression in the target language:
1)literal or word-for-word translation(直译)
2)Meaning or free translation(意译)
- Checking and Revising
1)See if proper names ,data etc are all correct and consistent.
2)See if there are any mistakes in understanding.
3)See if any expression in the target text is not clear ,or not fluent.
Chapter 4 Translation Methods and Skills
A The Choice of Words Meaning
(一)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义
1)He likes mathematics more than physics
他喜欢数学胜于喜欢物理(动词)
2)In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.
在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.(介词)
3)Like knows like.
英雄识英雄(名词)
(二)根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择词义
1)He is the last man to come .
他是最后来的.
2)He is the last man to do it .
他决不会干那件事.
3)He is the last person for such a job.
他最不配干这个工作
4)He should be the last (man) to blame.
怎么也不该怪他.
5)He is the last man to consult.
根本不宜找他商量.
6)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你
B. Extension of Word Meaning
(一)将词义作抽象化的引申
1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾.
(二)将词义作具体化的引申
1)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
我前头的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯
C. Commendatory , Neutral and Pejorative Meaning
(一) 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义,汉译时就应相应地表达出来.
1)He was a man of high renown.
他是位有名望的人.(褒)
2)His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的.(贬)
(二)英语中有些词是中立的,根据意思选择词义的褒贬
1)Once, early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles ,he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.
一九七四年初,有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉矶,途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负.
2)He was a man of integrity ,but unfortunately he had a certain reputation .I believe the reputation was not deserved.
他是一个正直诚实的人,但不幸有某种坏名声.我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的.
D. Conversion of Words
一.转译成动词
a.名词转译成动词
1)One after another ,speaker called for the downfall of imperialism ,abolition of exploitation of man by man ,liberation of the oppressed of the world.
发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义,要消灭人剥削人的制度,要解放世界上被压迫人民.
2)The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往.
3)As the week drew to a close ,the enemy rout was complete.
一周快结束时,敌人彻底溃退了.
4)I am afraid I can`t teach you swimming . I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.
我未必会教你游泳.我想我的小弟弟比我教的好.
5) They took a final look at Iron Mike ,still intact in the darkness.
他们最后看了铁麦克一眼---它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中.
b.前置词转译成动词
1)”Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path ,up the steps ,across the veranda , and into the porch.
“来了”她转身蹦着跳着的跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊.
c.形容词转译成动词
1)Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命.
d.副词转译成动词
1)As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.
他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子
二.转译成名词
a.名词派生的动词
1)As the war progressed ,he would symbolize their frustrations ,the embodiment of all evils.
随着战争的进行,他成了他们受挫的象征,成了一切坏事的化身.
b.英语被动句中
1)Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S.press and officialdom during this period ,victimized for his views.
在这期间,斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待,由于他的观点,他受到了迫害.
c.形容词转译成名词
1)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员.
