According to a recent cross-cultural study, married people in general have longer life expectancies than do people who divorce and do not remarry. This fact indicates that the stress associated with divorce adversely affects health. Which of the following, if true, points to a weakness in the argument above?
Overall life expectancies differ among countries, even among countries with similar cultures. People often show signs of stress when undergoing a divorce. Life expectancy varies with age-group, even among married people. Stress of many kinds has been shown to affect health adversely. Adults who have never married have shorter life expec- tancies than do married people of the same age.
———————————————————————— 答案:(E)
问题:下面哪一个,if true,削弱上面的论述? 读题:根据最近一项跨文化研究,结婚的人通常要比离婚后未再婚的人的寿命长, 这表明与离婚相关的压力会对人体健康产生不利影响。 分析:论据是一项研究:结婚的人比离婚后未再婚的人的寿命长 从研究之中得到一个结论:离婚相关的压力会对人体健康产生不利影响 结论对这项研究做了一个解释。 此类Weaken形式为: 1、有其他的原因来解释为什么结婚的人比离婚后未再婚的人的寿命长 2、直接说离婚相关压力和人体健康的关系 d. 许多中压力不利影响健康 (也许其中就有与离婚相关的压力) e. 从来没有结婚的成年人比相同年龄结婚的人寿命要短 (没有结婚的成年人当然就没有与离婚相关的压力,但是寿命也短, 说明并不是离婚寿命短,而是单身生活使人的寿命短 没有这个原因,也有这个结果,作为反对)
Exposure to low-intensity gamma radiation slows the rate of growth of the spoilage microorganisms in food in much the same way that the low heat used in pasteurization ------- the spoilage action of the microorganisms in milk.
precludes initiates inhibits isolates purifies
———————————————————————— 答案:(C)
gamma radiation: n.伽马电磁辐射 spoilage: n.损坏,糟蹋,(食物)变质,腐败 microorganism: n.微生物 pasteurization: n.巴氏消毒法,低热杀菌法 preclude: v.1.排除,杜绝 2.阻碍 preclude: v.1.排除,防止,杜绝 2.阻止,防碍(from) initiate: v.1.开始,创始,发起,开始实施 2.使具有初步知识,使初步了解 3.接纳 (新成员入会),让…加入(团体) 4.倡仪,提出 inhibit: v.1.抑制,约束 2.〔化〕〔医〕抑制 暴露于低强度的伽马电磁辐射下可以阻缓食物中腐败 微生物的生长速度,正如以极为相同 的方式,在巴氏消毒法中,低热会遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐败作用。
In today s world, manufacturers innovations are easily copied and thus differences between products are usually -------; advertisers, therefore, are forced to ------- these differences in order to suggest the uniqueness of their clients products.
crucial.. downplay minimal.. reduce slight.. exaggerate common.. emphasize intrinsic.. create
———————————————————————— 答案:(C)
copy: v.1.抄写,复制,伪造 2.模仿,仿效,抄袭 downplay: v.对…轻描淡写,贬低 minimal: a.最小的,最低限度的 exaggerate: v.夸张,言过其实 intrinsic: a.固有的,本质的,内在的 在当今世界,制造商的发明创造动辄就遭假冒模仿,因此,产品之间的差异常常是微乎其 微;这样一来,广告商便被迫夸大这些差异,以便表明其顾客产品的独特性。
To avoid annihilation by parasites, some caterpillars are able to ----- periods of active growth by prematurely entering a dormant state, which is characterized by the -------- of feeding.
curtail.. suspension foster.. continuation prevent.. stimulation mediate.. synthesis invert.. simulation
———————————————————————— 答案:(A)
annihilation: n.歼灭,消灭,毁灭 parasite: n.寄生生物 caterpillar: n.毛虫 premature: a.1.提早的 2.不成熟的,仓促的 dormant: a.1.睡着的 2.〔生〕休眠的,冬眠的 3.暂停的,中止的 4.潜在的,潜伏的 curtail: v.剪短,消减 suspension: n.1.悬,挂,吊 2.暂停,中止,倒闭 3.悬念(或焦急不安)状态 foster: v.培养,促进,鼓励 mediate: v.调解,起中介作用 invert: v.使反向,使倒置,使颠倒 simulation:n.1.假装,冒充,模仿 2.赝品 3.模似,仿真 为了避免遭寄生生物毁灭的危险,某些毛虫通过提早进入休眠状态而缩短其有效生长期, 而这种休眠状态则以暂停给食为其特征。
Prior to the work of Heckel, illustrations of fish were often beautiful but rarely -------; this fact, combined with the ---- nature of most nineteenth-century taxonomic descriptions, often kept scientists from recognizing differences between species.
impressive.. inaccurate realistic.. detailed traditional.. progressive precise.. inexact distinctive.. sophisticated
———————————————————————— 答案:(D) R> prior to: prep.在…之前,先于 illustration: n.插图,图表 taxonomic: a.分类学的 在黑克尔的研究工作之前,鱼类插图常常好看但不准确;这一事实,加诸绝大多数十九世 纪分类学描述的不精确这一性质,常致使科学家无从辨别出不同鱼类之间的差异。
Experienced and proficient, Susan is a good, ------ trumpeter her music is often more satisfying than Carol s brilliant but ------- playing.
virtuoso.. inimitable mediocre.. eccentric competent.. influential amateur.. renowned reliable.. erratic
———————————————————————— 答案:(E)
proficient: a.熟练的,精通的 trumpeter: n.小号吹奏者 virtuoso: a.行家里手的,精湛的 inimitable: a.不能模仿的,无与伦比的 mediocre: a. 平庸的,二流水平的 eccentric: a.1.古怪的,怪僻的,异乎寻常的 2.不同圆心的 3.不正圆的 competent: a.1.有能力的,能胜任的 2.有效的,足够的,合适的 amateur: a.1.业余爱好者,业余的 2.外行的 erratic: a.1.不稳定的,不规则的 2.古怪的 苏珊熟练且富于经验,是位优秀可靠的小号吹奏者;她的音乐,比之于卡罗尔那种出色但 却怪异的演奏,常来得更令人满意。
In the midst of so many evasive comments, this forthright statement, whatever its intrinsic merit, plainly stands out as --------
a paradigm a misnomer a profundity an inaccuracy. an anomaly
———————————————————————— 答案:(E)
in the midst of: prep.在…之中,正当…的时候 evasive: a.1.逃避的,回避的,推托的 2.难以捉住的,易消失的 forthright: a.直率的,明确的 intrinsic: a.固有的,本质的,内在的 paradigm: n.范例,样式 misnomer: n.错误(或使用不当)的名称,术语误用 profundity: n.1.深度,深邃,深处 2.深沉,深刻,深奥 anomaly: n.不规则,反常,异样 在如此之多含糊其辞的评论当中,这项直截了当的陈述,不管它具有怎样的内在价值,引 人注目地作为一种异常情形显现出来。
Marshall s confrontational style could alienate almost anyone: he even antagonized a board of directors that included a number of his supporters and that had a reputation for not being easily ------
intimidated mollified reconciled provoked motivated
———————————————————————— 答案:(D)
confrontational: a.对抗的,冲突的 alienate: v.使疏远,离间,使不友好 antagonize: v.使对抗,引起…的敌意(或反感等) board of directors: n.董事会 intimidate: v.恫吓,恐吓,威胁 mollify: v.1.使平静,抚慰 2 .使变软,使变温柔 3.减轻,缓和 reconcile: v.1.使和解,使和好 2.调停,调解 3.调和,使一致,符合 provoke: v.对…挑衅,煽动,激怒 motivate: v.1.使有动机,激起(行动) 2.激发…的积极性 马歇尔那种对抗式的作风几乎能够疏远任何人:他甚至引起了一帮董事会成员的反感,这 其中包括他的许多支持者,而该董事会则是以不被轻易激怒而著称的。
MARSH: SODDEN::
creek: wide laughter: arrhythmic desert: arid question: inaudible fence: short
———————————————————————— 答案:(C)
沼泽:湿透的 小溪:宽的 笑声:无节奏的 沙漠:干旱的 问题:听不见的 篱笆:短的
GRIPE: DISCONTENT::
learn: knowledge praise: admiration depart: journey conspire: pact react: response
———————————————————————— 答案:(B)
抱怨,发牢骚:不满意 学习:知识 赞扬:敬慕 离开:旅途 阴谋,共谋:契约 反应:反应
DIRECTOR: SCRIPT::
politician : document conductor: score photographer: picture choreographer: dance historian: genealogy
———————————————————————— 答案:(B)
导演:剧本 政治家:文件 乐队指挥:乐谱 摄影师:照片 舞蹈编排者:舞蹈 历史学家:家谱
OPPORTUNE: CONVENIENCE::
ineffable: substance impenetrable : durability impermanent: transience excessive : superficiality remediable: effort
———————————————————————— 答案:(C)
合适的,时宜的:方便,权宜,适宜 无法表达的,不可言喻的:物质 不可穿透的(不能理解的):耐久性 不永恒的:短暂 过多的:表面,肤浅 可补救的,可纠正的:努力
CIRCULAR: ASYMMETRICAL::
protean: rigid prior: unfinished scarce: withheld unique: rare imminent: impending
———————————————————————— 答案:(A)
圆形的:不对称的 变化多端的(多才多艺的):僵硬死板的(严密的) 在…以前的:未完成的 稀少的:不给予的 独特的:稀少的 迫近的:将要到来的
OPERA: ARIA::
symphony: coda play: monologue concert: encore movie : credits lecture: oration
———————————————————————— 答案:(B)
歌剧:咏叹调 交响乐:尾声 戏剧:独白 音乐会:要求再演一个的喝彩 电影:注明制片人等的字幕 讲座:演讲
COMMAND: ENTREATY::
threat: antagonism reproach: fault spat: quarrel snare: entrapment >goad: enticement
———————————————————————— 答案:(E)
命令:恳求 威胁:对抗 谴责,责行:错误(断层) 口角,小争吵:争吵 罗网(诱捕):诱捕,使落入圈套 刺激,唆使(刺棒):引诱
GRANDSTAND: IMPRESS::
patronize: alienate hedge: reveal equivocate: deceive presume: disprove upbraid: dislike
———————————————————————— 答案:(C)
哗众取宠(正面看台n.):给…留下印象 惠顾,赞助:使疏远 闪避问题(设障碍v.树篱n.):显示,揭示 意在欺骗的说话:欺骗 假定(放肆v.):不同意 谴责,责备:不喜欢
REPROVE: REPRIMAND::
blame: censure control : contain persuade : convince thwart : confront inconvenience : effect
———————————————————————— 答案:(A)
责骂,谴责:惩戒,谴责 谴责,责备:指责,非难 控制(实验参照组n.):包含 劝说:使信服 阻碍:面对,对抗 不方便:效果
Although a historical lack of access to formal Spanish- language education initially limited the opportunities of some Chicanos to hone their skills as (5) writers of Spanish, their bilingual culture clearly fostered an exuberant and compelling oral tradition. It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity (10) that these Chicano writers, whose English language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. This (15) Spanish-English difference is not surprising. When writing in Spanish, these authors stayed close to the spoken traditions of their communities where publication, support, and instructive (20) response would come quickly in local or regional newspapers. Works in English, however, often required the elimination of nuance or colloquialism, the adoption of a formal tone, and the (25) adjustment of themes or ideas to satisfy the different demands of national publications.
The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following ? Debating the historical value of a literary movement Describing and accounting for a difference in literary styles Explaining a publishing decision and evaluating its results Analyzing the expectations of a particular group of readers Classifying several kinds of literary production
———————————————————————— 答案:(B) 尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些 奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去 磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引 人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这 些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富 于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间 的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统 紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅 速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精 妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整作品的主题或思想,以 满足全国性出版物的不同需求。
According to the author, the Chicano oral experience contributed directly to which of the following characteristics in the work of some Chicano writers? A sensitivity to and adeptness in using the spoken language A tendency to appear in national rather than regional publications A style reflecting the influence of Spanish language education A reliance on a rather formal style A capacity to appeal to a broad range of audiences
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些 奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去 磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引 人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这 些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富 于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间 的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统 紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅 速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精 妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整作品的主题或思想,以 满足全国性出版物的不同需求。
Which of the following best describes the function of the last two sentences of the passage ?(lines 14-27) They expand on an advantage mentioned in the first sentence of the passage (lines 1-7) They outline the consequences of a limitation discussed in the first sentence of the passage.(lines 1-7) They provide explicit examples drawn from the oral and the written works mentioned in the second sentence of the passage. (lines 7-14) They explain the causes of a phenomenon mentioned in the third sentence of the passage. (lines 14-16) They limit the applicability of a generalization made in the third sentence of the passage.(lines 14-16)
———————————————————————— 答案:(D) 尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些 奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去 磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引 人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这 些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富 于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间 的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统 紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅 速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精 妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整作品的主题或思想,以 满足全国性出版物的不同需求。
The passage suggests that which of the following was probably characteristic of the "national publications" mentioned in line 27 ? They primarily presented scholarly material of little interest to a general audience. They sometimes published articles treating controversial themes. They encouraged authors to feature local issues in articles in order to increase circulation. They included a significant number of articles by minority authors. They took a stylistically formal approach to material of interest to a general audience.
———————————————————————— 答案:(E) 尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些 奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去 磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引 人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这 些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富 于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间 的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统 紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅 速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精 妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整 作品的主题或思想,以 满足全国性出版物的不同需求。
The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and (5) slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is,in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side,is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of (10) humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body. Bilateral asymmetry of the claws (15) comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of develop- (20) ment, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor (25) Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher. while the regenerated claw becomes (30) a cutter. Removal of a claw during a liter juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and the regenerate claws retain (35) their original structures. These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differ- entiation must operate in a random, manner when the paired claws are (40) intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differ- ential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw (45) that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of th e claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact (50) claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher. (55) To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (60) (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more (65) active by burrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In (70) contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual con- figuration of symmetrical cutter claws (75) did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.
The passage is primarily concerned with drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humans developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right side explaining differences between lobsters crusher claws and cutter claws discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters summarizing the stages of develop- ment of the lobster!
———————————————————————— 答案:(D) 成熟的美洲龙虾的两只螯无疑显得迥然有别。其捣螯短而结实,其剪螯长而纤 细。这种双边不对称——在此情形中,身体的右侧在其它所有方面与身体的左侧构 成 一种绝然的翻版——与人类的偏手倾向不无相似之处。但是,当大多数人类均表 现为右手倾向时,在龙虾身上,捣螯却以平均的概率出现在身体的右侧或左侧。 两只螯的双边不对称是逐渐形成的。在幼年成长的第四个和第五个阶段,成对 的两只螯是对称的,其形状近似于剪螯。在幼年成长的第六个阶段,不对称的牲始 露端倪,并在随后的诸阶段中,成对的两只螯进一步朝着界线分明的剪螯和捣螯分 化。这一成长过程的一个引人入胜的方面由维克多·埃默尔揭示出来。他发现,如 果成对的两只螯中的一只螯在第四或第五阶段被折断的话,完好无损的那只螯毫无 例外地会变成一只捣螯,而新长出的那只螯则成为剪螯。在此后的幼年阶段,或在 成年期间,在不对称特征业已存的情况下,其中一只螯的折断并不会改变原有的不 对称特征。无论是完好无损的那只螯,还是新长出的那只螯,都保留它们原初的结 构。 这些观察表明,引发这一变异的条件必是以随机不规律的方式运作的,当成对 的两只螯均为完好无损时;但当其中一只螯失去时,就以一种非随机的方式运作。 对于这一点,一种有可能的解释的是,两只螯的不同用途决定着它们的不对称特征。 或许,使用较多的那只螯就会变成捣螯。这就有可能解释,在第四和第五阶段,当 两中螯中的其中一只失去时,完好无损的那只螯为什么总会变成一只捣螯。当两只 赘均完好无损时,对其中一只螯的最初使用,可能会促使动物在整个幼年期的第四 和第五个阶段比另外一只螯使用得更为频繁,从而导致它变成一只捣螯。 为了验证这一假设,科研人员在实验室环境中养殖了处于其幼年期成长第四和 第五阶段的龙虾,在此环境中,龙虾可以摆弄牡蛎碎片。(这决非偶然,因为在此 成长阶段,龙虾普遍地从它们被动漂逐的栖息地改换至海底,在海底深处,它们有 机动变得更为主动活跃,可在海底下层挖洞掘穴。)在这些条件下,龙虾形成两只 不对称的螯,一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体左侧,另一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体右侧。相 反,当幼年的龙虾在一个光滑的、没有牡蛎碎片的箱内养殖时,绝大部分的龙虾形 成了两只剪螯。这种由两只对称的剪螯构成的异乎寻常的结构,当龙虾随后被置于 一个可摆弄牡蛎碎片的环境中的,或当它们失去并重新长出一只或两只螯时,均不 会有任何变化。
Each of tile following statements about the development of a lobster s crusher claw is supported by infor- mation in the passage EXCEPT: It can be stopped on one side and begun on the other after the juvenile sixth stage. It occurs gradually over a number of stages. It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage. It can occur even when a pro- spective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage. It is less likely in the absence of a manipulatable environment.!
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 成熟的美洲龙虾的两只螯无疑显得迥然有别。其捣螯短而结实,其剪螯长而纤 细。这种双边不对称——在此情形中,身体的右侧在其它所有方面与身体的左侧构 成一种绝然的翻版——与人类的偏手倾向不无相似之处。但是,当大多数人类均表 现为右手倾向时,在龙虾身上,捣螯却以平均的概率出现在身体的右侧或左侧。 两只螯的双边不对称是逐渐形成的。在幼年成长的第四个和第五个阶段,成对 的两只螯是对称的,其形状近似于剪螯。在幼年成长的第六个阶段,不对称的牲始 露端倪,并在随后的诸阶段中,成对的两只螯进一步朝着界线分明的剪螯和捣螯分 化。这一成长过程的一个引人入胜的方面由维克多·埃默尔揭示出来。他发现,如 果成对的两只螯中的一只螯在第四或第五阶段被 折断的话,完好无损的那只螯毫无 例外地会变成一只捣螯,而新长出的那只螯则成为剪螯。在此后的幼年阶段,或在 成年期间,在不对称特征业已存的情况下,其中一只螯的折断并不会改变原有的不 对称特征。无论是完好无损的那只螯,还是新长出的那只螯,都保留它们原初的结 构。 这些观察表明,引发这一变异的条件必是以随机不规律的方式运作的,当成对 的两只螯均为完好无损时;但当其中一只螯失去时,就以一种非随机的方式运作。 对于这一点,一种有可能的解释的是,两只螯的不同用途决定着它们的不对称特征。 或许,使用较多的那只螯就会变成捣螯。这就有可能解释,在第四和第五阶段,当 两中螯中的其中一只失去时,完好无损的那只螯为什么总会变成一只捣螯。当两只 赘均完好无损时,对其中一只螯的最初使用,可能会促使动物在整个幼年期的第四 和第五个阶段比另外一只螯使用得更为频繁,从而导致它变成一只捣螯。 为了验证这一假设,科研人员在实验室环境中养殖了处于其幼年期成长第四和 第五阶段的龙虾,在此环境中,龙虾可以摆弄牡蛎碎片。(这决非偶然,因为在此 成长阶段,龙虾普遍地从它们被动漂逐的栖息地改换至海底,在海底深处,它们有 机动变得更为主动活跃,可在海底下层挖洞掘穴。)在这些条件下,龙虾形成两只 不对称的螯,一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体左侧,另一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体右侧。相 反,当幼年的龙虾在一个光滑的、没有牡蛎碎片的箱内养殖时,绝大部分的龙虾形 成了两只剪螯。这种由两只对称的剪螯构成的异乎寻常的结构,当龙虾随后被置于 一个可摆弄牡蛎碎片的环境中的,或当它们失去并重新长出一只或两只螯时,均不 会有任何变化。
Which of tile following experi- mental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel? A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side. A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side. A left cutterlike claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side. Both cutterlike claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side. Both cutterlike claws are removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.!
———————————————————————— 答案:(B) 成熟的美洲龙虾的两只螯无疑显得迥然有别。其捣螯短而结实,其剪螯长而纤 细。这种双边不对称——在此情形中,身体的右侧在其它所有方面与身体的左侧构 成一种绝然的翻版——与人类的偏手倾向不无相似之处。但是,当大多数人类均表 现为右手倾向时,在龙虾身上,捣螯却以平均的概率出现在身体的右侧或左侧。 两只螯的双边不对称是逐渐形成的。在幼年成长的第四个和第五个阶段,成对 的两只螯是对称的,其形状近似于剪螯。在幼年成长的第六个阶段,不对称的牲始 露端倪,并在随后的诸阶段中,成对的两只螯进一步朝着界线分明的剪螯和捣螯分 化。这一成长过程的一个引人入胜的方面由维克多·埃默尔揭示出来。他发现,如 果成对的两只螯中的一只螯在第四或第五阶段被折断的话,完好无损的那只螯毫无 例外地会变成一只捣螯,而新长出的那只螯则成为剪螯。在此后的幼年阶段,或在 成年期间,在不对称特征业已存的情况下,其中一只螯的折断并不会改变原有的不 对称特征。无论是完好无损的那 只螯,还是新长出的那只螯,都保留它们原初的结 构。 这些观察表明,引发这一变异的条件必是以随机不规律的方式运作的,当成对 的两只螯均为完好无损时;但当其中一只螯失去时,就以一种非随机的方式运作。 对于这一点,一种有可能的解释的是,两只螯的不同用途决定着它们的不对称特征。 或许,使用较多的那只螯就会变成捣螯。这就有可能解释,在第四和第五阶段,当 两中螯中的其中一只失去时,完好无损的那只螯为什么总会变成一只捣螯。当两只 赘均完好无损时,对其中一只螯的最初使用,可能会促使动物在整个幼年期的第四 和第五个阶段比另外一只螯使用得更为频繁,从而导致它变成一只捣螯。 为了验证这一假设,科研人员在实验室环境中养殖了处于其幼年期成长第四和 第五阶段的龙虾,在此环境中,龙虾可以摆弄牡蛎碎片。(这决非偶然,因为在此 成长阶段,龙虾普遍地从它们被动漂逐的栖息地改换至海底,在海底深处,它们有 机动变得更为主动活跃,可在海底下层挖洞掘穴。)在这些条件下,龙虾形成两只 不对称的螯,一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体左侧,另一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体右侧。相 反,当幼年的龙虾在一个光滑的、没有牡蛎碎片的箱内养殖时,绝大部分的龙虾形 成了两只剪螯。这种由两只对称的剪螯构成的异乎寻常的结构,当龙虾随后被置于 一个可摆弄牡蛎碎片的环境中的,或当它们失去并重新长出一只或两只螯时,均不 会有任何变化。
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