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GRE·94-2考题——(4)

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日期:2006-8-17 13:06:49
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According to a recent cross-cultural study, married
people in general have longer life expectancies than do
people who divorce and do not remarry. This fact indicates
that the stress associated with divorce adversely affects
health.
 
Which of the following, if true, points to a weakness
in the argument above?

Overall life expectancies differ among countries,
 even among countries with similar cultures.
People often show signs of stress when undergoing
 a divorce.
Life expectancy varies with age-group, even among
 married people.
Stress of many kinds has been shown to affect health
 adversely.
Adults who have never married have shorter life expec-
 tancies than do married people of the same age.

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

问题:下面哪一个,if true,削弱上面的论述?
读题:根据最近一项跨文化研究,结婚的人通常要比离婚后未再婚的人的寿命长,
   这表明与离婚相关的压力会对人体健康产生不利影响。
 
分析:论据是一项研究:结婚的人比离婚后未再婚的人的寿命长
   从研究之中得到一个结论:离婚相关的压力会对人体健康产生不利影响
结论对这项研究做了一个解释。
此类Weaken形式为:
 1、有其他的原因来解释为什么结婚的人比离婚后未再婚的人的寿命长
 2、直接说离婚相关压力和人体健康的关系
 
d. 许多中压力不利影响健康
 (也许其中就有与离婚相关的压力)
 
e. 从来没有结婚的成年人比相同年龄结婚的人寿命要短
 (没有结婚的成年人当然就没有与离婚相关的压力,但是寿命也短,
  说明并不是离婚寿命短,而是单身生活使人的寿命短
  没有这个原因,也有这个结果,作为反对)



Exposure to low-intensity gamma radiation slows the
rate of growth of the spoilage microorganisms in food in
much the same way that the low heat used in pasteurization
------- the spoilage action of the microorganisms in milk.

precludes
initiates
inhibits
isolates
purifies

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

gamma radiation: n.伽马电磁辐射
spoilage: n.损坏,糟蹋,(食物)变质,腐败
microorganism: n.微生物
pasteurization: n.巴氏消毒法,低热杀菌法
 
preclude: v.1.排除,杜绝 2.阻碍
preclude: v.1.排除,防止,杜绝 2.阻止,防碍(from)
initiate: v.1.开始,创始,发起,开始实施 2.使具有初步知识,使初步了解 3.接纳
(新成员入会),让…加入(团体) 4.倡仪,提出
inhibit: v.1.抑制,约束 2.〔化〕〔医〕抑制
 
暴露于低强度的伽马电磁辐射下可以阻缓食物中腐败
微生物的生长速度,正如以极为相同
的方式,在巴氏消毒法中,低热会遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐败作用。

In today s world, manufacturers innovations are easily
copied and thus differences between products are usually
-------; advertisers, therefore, are forced to -------
these differences in order to suggest the uniqueness of
their clients products.

crucial.. downplay
minimal.. reduce
slight.. exaggerate
common.. emphasize
intrinsic.. create

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

copy: v.1.抄写,复制,伪造 2.模仿,仿效,抄袭
downplay: v.对…轻描淡写,贬低
minimal: a.最小的,最低限度的
exaggerate: v.夸张,言过其实
intrinsic: a.固有的,本质的,内在的
 
在当今世界,制造商的发明创造动辄就遭假冒模仿,因此,产品之间的差异常常是微乎其
微;这样一来,广告商便被迫夸大这些差异,以便表明其顾客产品的独特性。

To avoid annihilation by parasites, some caterpillars
are able to ----- periods of active growth by prematurely
entering a dormant state, which is characterized by the
-------- of feeding.

curtail.. suspension
foster.. continuation
prevent.. stimulation
mediate.. synthesis
invert.. simulation

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

annihilation: n.歼灭,消灭,毁灭
parasite: n.寄生生物
caterpillar: n.毛虫
premature: a.1.提早的 2.不成熟的,仓促的
dormant: a.1.睡着的 2.〔生〕休眠的,冬眠的 3.暂停的,中止的
  4.潜在的,潜伏的
 
curtail: v.剪短,消减
suspension: n.1.悬,挂,吊 2.暂停,中止,倒闭 3.悬念(或焦急不安)状态
foster: v.培养,促进,鼓励
mediate: v.调解,起中介作用
invert: v.使反向,使倒置,使颠倒
simulation:n.1.假装,冒充,模仿 2.赝品 3.模似,仿真
 
为了避免遭寄生生物毁灭的危险,某些毛虫通过提早进入休眠状态而缩短其有效生长期,
而这种休眠状态则以暂停给食为其特征。

Prior to the work of Heckel, illustrations of fish were
often beautiful but rarely -------; this fact, combined
with the ---- nature of most nineteenth-century taxonomic
descriptions, often kept scientists from recognizing
differences between species.

impressive.. inaccurate
realistic.. detailed
traditional.. progressive
precise.. inexact
distinctive.. sophisticated

————————————————————————
答案:(D) R>
prior to: prep.在…之前,先于
illustration: n.插图,图表
taxonomic: a.分类学的
 
在黑克尔的研究工作之前,鱼类插图常常好看但不准确;这一事实,加诸绝大多数十九世
纪分类学描述的不精确这一性质,常致使科学家无从辨别出不同鱼类之间的差异。

Experienced and proficient, Susan is a good, ------
trumpeter her music is often more satisfying than Carol s
brilliant but ------- playing.

virtuoso.. inimitable
mediocre.. eccentric
competent.. influential
amateur.. renowned
reliable.. erratic

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

proficient: a.熟练的,精通的
trumpeter: n.小号吹奏者
virtuoso: a.行家里手的,精湛的
inimitable: a.不能模仿的,无与伦比的
mediocre: a. 平庸的,二流水平的
 
eccentric: a.1.古怪的,怪僻的,异乎寻常的 2.不同圆心的 3.不正圆的
competent: a.1.有能力的,能胜任的 2.有效的,足够的,合适的
amateur: a.1.业余爱好者,业余的 2.外行的
erratic: a.1.不稳定的,不规则的 2.古怪的
 
苏珊熟练且富于经验,是位优秀可靠的小号吹奏者;她的音乐,比之于卡罗尔那种出色但
却怪异的演奏,常来得更令人满意。

In the midst of so many evasive comments, this
forthright statement, whatever its intrinsic merit,
plainly stands out as --------

a paradigm
a misnomer
a profundity
an inaccuracy.
an anomaly

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

in the midst of: prep.在…之中,正当…的时候
evasive: a.1.逃避的,回避的,推托的 2.难以捉住的,易消失的
forthright: a.直率的,明确的
intrinsic: a.固有的,本质的,内在的
 
paradigm: n.范例,样式
misnomer: n.错误(或使用不当)的名称,术语误用
profundity: n.1.深度,深邃,深处 2.深沉,深刻,深奥
anomaly: n.不规则,反常,异样
 
在如此之多含糊其辞的评论当中,这项直截了当的陈述,不管它具有怎样的内在价值,引
人注目地作为一种异常情形显现出来。

Marshall s confrontational style could alienate
almost anyone: he even antagonized a board of directors
that included a number of his supporters and that had
a reputation for not being easily ------

intimidated
mollified
reconciled
provoked
motivated

————————————————————————
答案:(D)

confrontational: a.对抗的,冲突的
alienate: v.使疏远,离间,使不友好
antagonize: v.使对抗,引起…的敌意(或反感等)
board of directors: n.董事会
intimidate: v.恫吓,恐吓,威胁
mollify: v.1.使平静,抚慰 2
.使变软,使变温柔 3.减轻,缓和
reconcile: v.1.使和解,使和好 2.调停,调解 3.调和,使一致,符合
provoke: v.对…挑衅,煽动,激怒
motivate: v.1.使有动机,激起(行动) 2.激发…的积极性
 
马歇尔那种对抗式的作风几乎能够疏远任何人:他甚至引起了一帮董事会成员的反感,这
其中包括他的许多支持者,而该董事会则是以不被轻易激怒而著称的。

MARSH: SODDEN::

creek: wide
laughter: arrhythmic
desert: arid
question: inaudible
fence: short

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

沼泽:湿透的
 
小溪:宽的
笑声:无节奏的
沙漠:干旱的
问题:听不见的
篱笆:短的

GRIPE: DISCONTENT::

learn: knowledge
praise: admiration
depart: journey
conspire: pact
react: response

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

抱怨,发牢骚:不满意
 
学习:知识
赞扬:敬慕
离开:旅途
阴谋,共谋:契约
反应:反应

DIRECTOR: SCRIPT::

politician : document
conductor: score
photographer: picture
choreographer: dance
historian: genealogy

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

导演:剧本
 
政治家:文件
乐队指挥:乐谱
摄影师:照片
舞蹈编排者:舞蹈
历史学家:家谱

OPPORTUNE: CONVENIENCE::

ineffable: substance
impenetrable : durability
impermanent: transience
excessive : superficiality
remediable: effort

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

合适的,时宜的:方便,权宜,适宜
 
无法表达的,不可言喻的:物质
不可穿透的(不能理解的):耐久性
不永恒的:短暂
过多的:表面,肤浅
可补救的,可纠正的:努力

CIRCULAR: ASYMMETRICAL::

protean: rigid
prior: unfinished
scarce: withheld
unique: rare
imminent: impending

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

圆形的:不对称的
 
 
变化多端的(多才多艺的):僵硬死板的(严密的)
在…以前的:未完成的
稀少的:不给予的
独特的:稀少的
迫近的:将要到来的

OPERA: ARIA::

symphony: coda
play: monologue
concert: encore
movie : credits
lecture: oration

————————————————————————
答案:(B)

歌剧:咏叹调
 
交响乐:尾声
戏剧:独白
音乐会:要求再演一个的喝彩
电影:注明制片人等的字幕
讲座:演讲

COMMAND: ENTREATY::

threat: antagonism
reproach: fault
spat: quarrel
snare: entrapment
>goad: enticement

————————————————————————
答案:(E)

命令:恳求
 
威胁:对抗
谴责,责行:错误(断层)
口角,小争吵:争吵
罗网(诱捕):诱捕,使落入圈套
刺激,唆使(刺棒):引诱

GRANDSTAND: IMPRESS::

patronize: alienate
hedge: reveal
equivocate: deceive
presume: disprove
upbraid: dislike

————————————————————————
答案:(C)

哗众取宠(正面看台n.):给…留下印象
 
惠顾,赞助:使疏远
闪避问题(设障碍v.树篱n.):显示,揭示
意在欺骗的说话:欺骗
假定(放肆v.):不同意
谴责,责备:不喜欢

REPROVE: REPRIMAND::

blame: censure
control : contain
persuade : convince
thwart : confront
inconvenience : effect

————————————————————————
答案:(A)

责骂,谴责:惩戒,谴责
 
谴责,责备:指责,非难
控制(实验参照组n.):包含
劝说:使信服
阻碍:面对,对抗
不方便:效果


   Although a historical lack of access to
  formal Spanish- language education
  initially limited the opportunities of
  some Chicanos to hone their skills as
(5) writers of Spanish, their bilingual
  culture clearly fostered an exuberant
  and compelling oral tradition. It has
  thus generally been by way of the
  emphasis on oral literary creativity
(10) that these Chicano writers, whose
  English language works are sometimes
  uninspired, developed the powerful and
  arresting language that characterized
  their Spanish-language works. This
(15) Spanish-English difference is not
  surprising. When writing in Spanish,
  these authors stayed close to the spoken
  traditions of their communities where
  publication, support, and instructive
(20) response would come quickly in local or
  regional newspapers. Works in English,
  however, often required the elimination
  of nuance or colloquialism, the
 adoption of a formal tone, and the
(25) adjustment of themes or ideas to
  satisfy the different demands of
  national publications.

The passage is primarily concerned
with doing which of the following
?
Debating the historical value of a
literary movement
Describing and accounting for a
difference in literary styles
Explaining a publishing decision
and evaluating its results
Analyzing the expectations of a
particular group of readers
Classifying several kinds of literary
production

————————————————————————
答案:(B)
  尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些
奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去
磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引
人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这
些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富
于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间
的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统
紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅
速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精
妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整作品的主题或思想,以
满足全国性出版物的不同需求。

According to the author, the Chicano oral
experience contributed directly to
which of the following characteristics
in the work of some Chicano writers?
A sensitivity to and adeptness in
using the spoken language
A tendency to appear in national
rather than regional publications
A style reflecting the influence
of Spanish language education
A reliance on a rather formal style
A capacity to appeal to a broad
range of audiences

————————————————————————
答案:(A)
  尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些
奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去
磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引
人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这
些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富
于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间
的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统
紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅
速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精
妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整作品的主题或思想,以
满足全国性出版物的不同需求。

Which of the following best describes
the function of the last two sentences of
the passage ?(lines 14-27)
They expand on an advantage mentioned
in the first sentence of the passage
(lines 1-7)
They outline the
consequences of a
limitation discussed in the first sentence
of the passage.(lines 1-7)
They provide explicit examples drawn
from the oral and the written works mentioned
in the second sentence of the passage.
(lines 7-14)
They explain the causes of a phenomenon
mentioned in the third sentence of the passage.
(lines 14-16)
They limit the applicability of a
generalization made in the third sentence
of the passage.(lines 14-16)

————————————————————————
答案:(D)
  尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些
奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去
磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引
人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这
些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富
于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间
的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统
紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅
速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精
妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整作品的主题或思想,以
满足全国性出版物的不同需求。

The passage suggests that which of
the following was probably characteristic
of the "national publications" mentioned
in line 27 ?
They primarily presented scholarly
material of little interest to a general
audience.
They sometimes published articles
treating controversial themes.
They encouraged authors to feature
local issues in articles in order to
increase circulation.
They included a significant number
of articles by minority authors.
They took a stylistically formal
approach to material of interest to a
general audience.

————————————————————————
答案:(E)
  尽管对正规西班牙教育的获取途径存在着一种历史的缺乏,并最初限制了某些
奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国讲西班牙语的拉西美洲人后裔)的机会,去
磨练他们作为作家的技艺,但是,他们的双语文化明显促进培养了一种丰富的和引
人入胜的口头文学传统。因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这
些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富
于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。这种西班牙语与英语间
的差异不足为奇。当他们用西班牙语创作时,这些作者就与其社区的口头文学传统
紧密相联,而这些社区内,作品的出版、对作品的支持以及有教诲意义的反应会迅
速地出现在当地或地方性报刊上。相反,用英语创作的作品常常需要剔除措辞的精
妙内涵或口语化表达方式,采用一种严肃正规的语气,调整
作品的主题或思想,以
满足全国性出版物的不同需求。


   The two claws of the mature American
  lobster are decidedly different from
  each other. The crusher claw is short
  and stout; the cutter claw is long and
(5) slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in
  which the right side of the body is,in
  all other respects, a mirror image of
  the left side,is not unlike handedness
  in humans. But where the majority of
(10) humans are right-handed, in lobsters
  the crusher claw appears with equal
  probability on either the right or
  left side of the body.
   Bilateral asymmetry of the claws
(15) comes about gradually. In the juvenile
  fourth and fifth stages of development,
  the paired claws are symmetrical and
  cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear
  in the juvenile sixth stage of develop-
(20) ment, and the paired claws further
  diverge toward well-defined cutter
  and crusher claws during succeeding
  stages. An intriguing aspect of this
  development was discovered by Victor
(25) Emmel. He found that if one of the
  paired claws is removed during the
  fourth or fifth stage, the intact
  claw invariably becomes a crusher.
  while the regenerated claw becomes
(30) a cutter. Removal of a claw during
  a liter juvenile stage or during
  adulthood, when asymmetry is present,
  does not alter the asymmetry; the
  intact and the regenerate claws retain
(35) their original structures.
   These observations indicate that
  the conditions that trigger differ-
  entiation must operate in a random,
  manner when the paired claws are
(40) intact but in a nonrandom manner
  when one of the claws is lost. One
  possible explanation is that differ-
  ential use of the claws determines
  their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw
(45) that is used more becomes the crusher.
  This would explain why, when one of
  th
e claws is missing during the fourth
  or fifth stage, the intact claw always
  becomes a crusher. With two intact
(50) claws, initial use of one claw might
  prompt the animal to use it more than
  the other throughout the juvenile
  fourth and fifth stages, causing it
  to become a crusher.
(55)  To test this hypothesis, researchers
  raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth
  and fifth stages of development in a
  laboratory environment in which the
  lobsters could manipulate oyster chips.
(60) (Not coincidentally, at this stage of
  development lobsters typically change
  from a habitat where they drift
  passively, to the ocean floor where
  they have the opportunity to be more
(65) active by burrowing in the substrate.)
  Under these conditions, the lobsters
  developed asymmetric claws, half with
  crusher claws on the left, and half
  with crusher claws on the right. In
(70) contrast, when juvenile lobsters were
  reared in a smooth tank without the
  oyster chips, the majority developed
  two cutter claws. This unusual con-
  figuration of symmetrical cutter claws
(75) did not change when the lobsters were
  subsequently placed in a manipulatable
  environment or when they lost and
  regenerated one or both claws.

The passage is primarily concerned
with
drawing an analogy between asymmetry
in lobsters and handedness in humans
developing a method for predicting
whether crusher claws in lobsters will
appear on the left or right side
explaining differences between
lobsters crusher claws and cutter
claws
discussing a possible explanation
for the way bilateral asymmetry is
determined in lobsters
summarizing the stages of develop-
ment of the lobster!

————————————————————————
答案:(D)
成熟的美洲龙虾的两只螯无疑显得迥然有别。其捣螯短而结实,其剪螯长而纤
细。这种双边不对称——在此情形中,身体的右侧在其它所有方面与身体的左侧构
一种绝然的翻版——与人类的偏手倾向不无相似之处。但是,当大多数人类均表
现为右手倾向时,在龙虾身上,捣螯却以平均的概率出现在身体的右侧或左侧。
 
  两只螯的双边不对称是逐渐形成的。在幼年成长的第四个和第五个阶段,成对
的两只螯是对称的,其形状近似于剪螯。在幼年成长的第六个阶段,不对称的牲始
露端倪,并在随后的诸阶段中,成对的两只螯进一步朝着界线分明的剪螯和捣螯分
化。这一成长过程的一个引人入胜的方面由维克多·埃默尔揭示出来。他发现,如
果成对的两只螯中的一只螯在第四或第五阶段被折断的话,完好无损的那只螯毫无
例外地会变成一只捣螯,而新长出的那只螯则成为剪螯。在此后的幼年阶段,或在
成年期间,在不对称特征业已存的情况下,其中一只螯的折断并不会改变原有的不
对称特征。无论是完好无损的那只螯,还是新长出的那只螯,都保留它们原初的结
构。
 
  这些观察表明,引发这一变异的条件必是以随机不规律的方式运作的,当成对
的两只螯均为完好无损时;但当其中一只螯失去时,就以一种非随机的方式运作。
对于这一点,一种有可能的解释的是,两只螯的不同用途决定着它们的不对称特征。
或许,使用较多的那只螯就会变成捣螯。这就有可能解释,在第四和第五阶段,当
两中螯中的其中一只失去时,完好无损的那只螯为什么总会变成一只捣螯。当两只
赘均完好无损时,对其中一只螯的最初使用,可能会促使动物在整个幼年期的第四
和第五个阶段比另外一只螯使用得更为频繁,从而导致它变成一只捣螯。
 
  为了验证这一假设,科研人员在实验室环境中养殖了处于其幼年期成长第四和
第五阶段的龙虾,在此环境中,龙虾可以摆弄牡蛎碎片。(这决非偶然,因为在此
成长阶段,龙虾普遍地从它们被动漂逐的栖息地改换至海底,在海底深处,它们有
机动变得更为主动活跃,可在海底下层挖洞掘穴。)在这些条件下,龙虾形成两只
不对称的螯,一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体左侧,另一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体右侧。相
反,当幼年的龙虾在一个光滑的、没有牡蛎碎片的箱内养殖时,绝大部分的龙虾形
成了两只剪螯。这种由两只对称的剪螯构成的异乎寻常的结构,当龙虾随后被置于
一个可摆弄牡蛎碎片的环境中的,或当它们失去并重新长出一只或两只螯时,均不
会有任何变化。

Each of tile following statements
about the development of a lobster s
crusher claw is supported by infor-
mation in the passage EXCEPT:
It can be stopped on one side and
begun on the other after the juvenile
sixth stage.
It occurs gradually over a number
of stages.
It is initially apparent in the
juvenile sixth stage.
It can occur even when a pro-
spective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.
It is less likely in the absence
of a manipulatable environment.!

————————————————————————
答案:(A)
成熟的美洲龙虾的两只螯无疑显得迥然有别。其捣螯短而结实,其剪螯长而纤
细。这种双边不对称——在此情形中,身体的右侧在其它所有方面与身体的左侧构
成一种绝然的翻版——与人类的偏手倾向不无相似之处。但是,当大多数人类均表
现为右手倾向时,在龙虾身上,捣螯却以平均的概率出现在身体的右侧或左侧。
 
  两只螯的双边不对称是逐渐形成的。在幼年成长的第四个和第五个阶段,成对
的两只螯是对称的,其形状近似于剪螯。在幼年成长的第六个阶段,不对称的牲始
露端倪,并在随后的诸阶段中,成对的两只螯进一步朝着界线分明的剪螯和捣螯分
化。这一成长过程的一个引人入胜的方面由维克多·埃默尔揭示出来。他发现,如
果成对的两只螯中的一只螯在第四或第五阶段被
折断的话,完好无损的那只螯毫无
例外地会变成一只捣螯,而新长出的那只螯则成为剪螯。在此后的幼年阶段,或在
成年期间,在不对称特征业已存的情况下,其中一只螯的折断并不会改变原有的不
对称特征。无论是完好无损的那只螯,还是新长出的那只螯,都保留它们原初的结
构。
 
  这些观察表明,引发这一变异的条件必是以随机不规律的方式运作的,当成对
的两只螯均为完好无损时;但当其中一只螯失去时,就以一种非随机的方式运作。
对于这一点,一种有可能的解释的是,两只螯的不同用途决定着它们的不对称特征。
或许,使用较多的那只螯就会变成捣螯。这就有可能解释,在第四和第五阶段,当
两中螯中的其中一只失去时,完好无损的那只螯为什么总会变成一只捣螯。当两只
赘均完好无损时,对其中一只螯的最初使用,可能会促使动物在整个幼年期的第四
和第五个阶段比另外一只螯使用得更为频繁,从而导致它变成一只捣螯。
 
  为了验证这一假设,科研人员在实验室环境中养殖了处于其幼年期成长第四和
第五阶段的龙虾,在此环境中,龙虾可以摆弄牡蛎碎片。(这决非偶然,因为在此
成长阶段,龙虾普遍地从它们被动漂逐的栖息地改换至海底,在海底深处,它们有
机动变得更为主动活跃,可在海底下层挖洞掘穴。)在这些条件下,龙虾形成两只
不对称的螯,一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体左侧,另一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体右侧。相
反,当幼年的龙虾在一个光滑的、没有牡蛎碎片的箱内养殖时,绝大部分的龙虾形
成了两只剪螯。这种由两只对称的剪螯构成的异乎寻常的结构,当龙虾随后被置于
一个可摆弄牡蛎碎片的环境中的,或当它们失去并重新长出一只或两只螯时,均不
会有任何变化。

Which of tile following experi-
mental results, if observed, would
most clearly contradict the findings
of Victor Emmel?
A left cutterlike claw is removed
in the fifth stage and a crusher claw
develops on the right side.
A left cutterlike claw is removed
in the fourth stage and a crusher claw
develops on the left side.
A left cutterlike claw is removed
in the sixth stage and a crusher claw
develops on the right side.
Both cutterlike claws are removed
in the fifth stage and a crusher claw
develops on the left side.
Both cutterlike claws are removed
in the fourth stage and a crusher claw
develops on the right side.!

————————————————————————
答案:(B)
成熟的美洲龙虾的两只螯无疑显得迥然有别。其捣螯短而结实,其剪螯长而纤
细。这种双边不对称——在此情形中,身体的右侧在其它所有方面与身体的左侧构
成一种绝然的翻版——与人类的偏手倾向不无相似之处。但是,当大多数人类均表
现为右手倾向时,在龙虾身上,捣螯却以平均的概率出现在身体的右侧或左侧。
 
  两只螯的双边不对称是逐渐形成的。在幼年成长的第四个和第五个阶段,成对
的两只螯是对称的,其形状近似于剪螯。在幼年成长的第六个阶段,不对称的牲始
露端倪,并在随后的诸阶段中,成对的两只螯进一步朝着界线分明的剪螯和捣螯分
化。这一成长过程的一个引人入胜的方面由维克多·埃默尔揭示出来。他发现,如
果成对的两只螯中的一只螯在第四或第五阶段被折断的话,完好无损的那只螯毫无
例外地会变成一只捣螯,而新长出的那只螯则成为剪螯。在此后的幼年阶段,或在
成年期间,在不对称特征业已存的情况下,其中一只螯的折断并不会改变原有的不
对称特征。无论是完好无损的那
只螯,还是新长出的那只螯,都保留它们原初的结
构。
 
  这些观察表明,引发这一变异的条件必是以随机不规律的方式运作的,当成对
的两只螯均为完好无损时;但当其中一只螯失去时,就以一种非随机的方式运作。
对于这一点,一种有可能的解释的是,两只螯的不同用途决定着它们的不对称特征。
或许,使用较多的那只螯就会变成捣螯。这就有可能解释,在第四和第五阶段,当
两中螯中的其中一只失去时,完好无损的那只螯为什么总会变成一只捣螯。当两只
赘均完好无损时,对其中一只螯的最初使用,可能会促使动物在整个幼年期的第四
和第五个阶段比另外一只螯使用得更为频繁,从而导致它变成一只捣螯。
 
  为了验证这一假设,科研人员在实验室环境中养殖了处于其幼年期成长第四和
第五阶段的龙虾,在此环境中,龙虾可以摆弄牡蛎碎片。(这决非偶然,因为在此
成长阶段,龙虾普遍地从它们被动漂逐的栖息地改换至海底,在海底深处,它们有
机动变得更为主动活跃,可在海底下层挖洞掘穴。)在这些条件下,龙虾形成两只
不对称的螯,一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体左侧,另一半的龙虾捣螯长在身体右侧。相
反,当幼年的龙虾在一个光滑的、没有牡蛎碎片的箱内养殖时,绝大部分的龙虾形
成了两只剪螯。这种由两只对称的剪螯构成的异乎寻常的结构,当龙虾随后被置于
一个可摆弄牡蛎碎片的环境中的,或当它们失去并重新长出一只或两只螯时,均不
会有任何变化。

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