The September issue of a music journal will consist
of exactly six articles, each by a different one of six
musicologists—Ferraro, Gallegos, Herrera, Johnson, Lee,
and Ostrow. The articles will appear sequentially, and
their positions relative to one another in the issue
must conform to the following conditions:
　
　Ostrow's article immediately precedes Gallegos' article.
　Lee's article immediately precedes or else immediately.
　　follows Ferraro's article.
　Herrtra's article appears earlier in the issue than
　　Gallegos' article.
　Johnson's article is the first or else the second article.
Which of the following lists the musicologists in an order in which their articles can appear in the
issue?
　　　First　　　Second　　　　Third　　　　Fourth　　　　Fifth　　　　Sixth　　　　　　　　　
Ferraro 　　Lee Herrera 　　Ostrow Gallegos 　　Johnson
Johnson 　　Ferraro Lee 　　Oslrow Herrera 　　Gallegos
Johnson 　　Herrrera Ferraro 　　Ostrow Gallegos 　　Lee
Johnson 　　Herrrera Lee 　　Ferraro Ostrow 　　Gallegos
Johnson 　　Ostrow Gallegos 　　Ferraro Lee 　　Herrera

————————————————————————
答案：(D)

If Lee's article is second, which of the following must
be true?
Ferraro's article is third
Gallegos' article is fifth
Herrera's article is third
Herrera's article is fifth
Ostrow's article is sixth

————————————————————————
答案：(A)

If Gallegos' article immediately precedes Ferraro's
article, then Herrera's article can be
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth

————————————————————————
答案：(A)

If Ferraro's article immediately precedes Lee's article,
which of the following can be true?
Gallegos' article immediately precedes Ferraro's article.
Lee's article immediately precedes Gallegos' article.
Ostrow's article immediately precedes Ferraro's article.
Lee's article is second.
Lee's article is fifth.

————————————————————————
答案：( A)

If Ostrow's article immediately follows Herrera's
article, which of the following can be true?
Gallegos' article is third.
Gallegos' article is fifth.
Herrera's article is first.
Johnson's article is second.
Lee's article is second.

————————————————————————
答案：(E)

If Gallegos' article immediately precedes Lee's
article, then Ferraro's article must be
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth

————————————————————————
答案：(E)

If Ostrow's article appears earlier in the issue than
does Lee's article, which of the following must be true?
Gallegos' article is third.
Gailegos' article is fourth.
Lee's article is fifth.
Lee's article is sixth.
Ostrow's article is second

————————————————————————
答案：(B)

The average number of hours employees in the United
States work per week stopped decreasing and has instead
been increasing since 1970. This is not surprising, since
in the absence of countervailing pressures, such as strong
unions, employers find it possible to keep workers on the
job for relatively long hours.
　
Which of the following, if true about United States employment,
could best substitute for the reason given above concerning
pressures on employers?

The costs to employers of training and health benefits
　for employees rose to a level at which employers prefer
　paying extra for overtime work to hiring additional workers.
To maintain the same of living, a middle-class household
　requires more paid workers than in the period prior to 1970.
Vacation time allowed by large employers for their
　average workers is not increasing but is remaining
　relatively constant.
When workers put in a shorter workday, they tend to
　work more efficiently, and when they work long hours.
　their productivity tends to lag.
As production processes are automated, it becomes
　possible for employers to use fewer employees to produce
　a given quantity of goods in a given amount of time
　without increasing costs.

————————————————————————
答案：(A)

问题：下面哪一个，如果关于美国雇佣正确得话，最能够替代关于雇主压力的原因?
读题：自从1970年以来，美国工人每周平均工作时间不仅停止减少反而日益增加，
　　　这种现象并不奇怪，因为在缺少抵制压力的情况下，诸如强有力的工会，
　　　雇主们发现使工人们工作相对较长的时间是完全可能的。
　
分析：读题时我们当然就需要找到原因，看一下原因所起得作用。
文中第四行since引导原因，它用来作为一个事实现象得解释
为什么工作时间不仅停止减少反而日益增加呢？
是因为缺少抵制压力，诸如强有力的工会。
　
替代这个原因相当于反对时有其他的原因来解释上面这个现象。
A.雇主用于雇员的培训费和健康福利上升到一定水平后，雇主宁可对加班的工人提供
　　加班费也不愿意另外雇佣工人。
　　（有其他的原因来解释为什么工人工作时间增加，替代了原来的原因）
　
B.如果一个中产阶级家庭要维持同样的生活水准，就需要比1970年以前更多的工人。
C.大雇主许可普通工人的度假时间并没有增长，而是保持相对稳定。
D.当工人的工作日较短时，他们工作效率较高；相反工作时间太长，就会拖拉。
E.随着生产过程实现自动化，雇主们有可能在不增加开支的前提下，在既定的时间内
　　用较少的雇员生产既定数量的货物。

Ounce for ounce, blends of different artificial sweeteners match any
individual artificial sweetener in sweetening power. When used to sweeten
food, blends greatly decrease the likelihood that consumers will exceed
acceptable daily intakes for individual sweeteners. Blends should
therefore be used. rather than single sweeteners alone, since blends are
clearly more healthful, yet equally effective.
　
The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?

When ingested together,different artificial sweeteners
　in the blends do not interact in a way that makes them
　harmful to human health.
Different artificial sweeteners, when used together
　in food, do not contribute a more desirable flavor to
　the food than would any one of them by itself.
The acceptable daily intake for any given artificial
　sweetener is a conservative figure that could probably
　be greatly exceeded at little or no risk.
Consumers who substitute artificial sweeteners for
　sugar in their diets generally keep track of their daily
　intake of different sweeteners.
The ill effects on health produced by the intake of
　excessive quantities of any single artificial sweetener
　cannot be reversed by reducing in take later.

————————————————————————
答案：(A)

问题：以上论证依据下面那一个假设？
读题：在质量相等的前提下，几种人工制糖剂的混合物的甜度绝不逊于其中任何一种人工
制糖剂的甜度。如果用来使食物发甜，几种制糖剂的混合物极大地降低了一种可能
性, 消费者超过人体对某一种致糖剂日常可吸收量的可能性，
所以，我们就不应仅仅使用某一种致糖剂，而应该食用多种糖剂的混合物，
因为混合物更健康，而且同样有效。
　
分析：文中倒数第三行therefore引导结论，倒数第二行since引导原因
　　　因为混合物更健康，所以应该使用混合物。
　
A. 当人体同时消化几种不同的制糖剂时，混合物中的制糖剂不会相互作用从而危害人体
　　健康。(去掉not, 混合物中的制糖剂会相互作用从而危害人体健康， 结论不成立，
因此a就是assumption)
　 　
B. 几种不同的制糖剂同时用于一种食物时，不会比使用其中任何一种制糖剂产生更好的
　　味道。
　
C. 任何一种人工制糖剂的日常可吸收量都是一个保守数字，如果大大超过这个数字都
　　不会或很少有什么危险。
　
D. 用制糖剂代替饮食中的糖的消费者一般每天都保持摄取几种不同的制糖剂。
E. 由于摄取过量的某一种人工制糖剂而对人体健康造成的恶劣影响，很难靠日后减少
　　摄入量而弥补。
（加强论据，可以作为支持）

A certain pesticide can harm plants of one common
species if used to treat them. But since the pesticide
carries a warning to that effect, there is little danger
that plants of this vulnerable species will be harmed
as a result of being treated with that pesticide.
　
Which of the following if true, most seriously weakens
the argument above?

There are several relatively rare species of plants
　to which the pesticide is potentially harmful.
The pesticide is sold only in special dispensers from
　which it cannot easily be transferred into an unmarked
　container.
Advice about the proper use of the pesticide in
　question is provided free of charge to all who purchase
　the pesticide.
It is difficult to distinguish plants of the species
　that the pesticide can harm from related plants that can
　benefit from treatment with the pesticide.
Any plant that is susceptible to harm by the pesticide
　in question is also likely to be harmed if it comes into
　contact with a different, more common, pesticide.

————————————————————————
答案：(D)

问题：下面哪一个，if true，最严重地削弱了上面的论述 ?
读题：当某种杀虫剂用来治疗一种常见种类植物时会伤害它们，但是由于该杀虫剂带有对
　　　这种效果的警告，所以这种易受伤害的植物被杀虫剂伤害的可能性极小。
　
分析：第二行since引导原因
　　　因为对这种伤害带有警告，所以植物就不会被伤害
反对可以: 1、直接反对原因，比如对不这种伤害带有警告的明确性
2、原因和结论两者之间，虽然带有警告，还有伤害。
　
A. 该杀虫剂可能伤害的植物种类极少。
B. 该杀虫剂仅在专门器皿中出售,一般不会轻易转移到无标签的容器。
　　（有点支持，这种杀虫剂很容易识别，不会弄错）
　
C. 关于如何正确使用杀虫剂的建议会免费提供给所有买杀虫剂的人。
D. 杀虫剂可能会伤害的植物种类与受益于杀虫剂的植物种类很难区别开来。
　　（原因是有警告, 但是现在说会伤害的植物种类与受益于杀虫剂的植物种类很难区分，
　　　那么就有可能把杀虫剂用在会受伤害的植物上，因此作为反对）
E. 任何易于被该杀虫剂伤害的植物，一旦与另一种不同的更加普遍的杀虫剂接触，
　　同样会受伤害

　Exactly seven faculty members—N, O, P, S, T, U, and
X—are to be divided into two committees, Committee 1
and Committee 2. Each faculty member will be assigned
to exactly one of the committees according to the
following conditions:
　
　Each committee must include at least three faculty members.
　If U is on Committee 2, N must be on Committee 1.
　If O is on Committee 1, T must also be on Committee 1.
　If S is on Committee 1, X must be on Committee 2.
　P must be on a different committee from X.
Which of the following could be the two committees?
Committee 1 Committee 2
P, S, T N, O, U, X 　　
N, P, U, X O, S, T
O, P, S. U N, T, X
O, T, U, X N, P, S
N, O, P, S, T U, X

————————————————————————
答案：(D)

If S is on Committee 1, which of the following must be true?
N is on Committee 2.
O is on Committee 1.
P is on Committee 1.
T is on Committee 1.
U is on Committee 2.

————————————————————————
答案：(C)

If U is one of four people on Committee 2, which of
the following must be true?
O is on Committee 2.
P is on Committee 1.
S is on Committee 2.
T is on Committee 1.

X is on Committee 1.

————————————————————————
答案：(A)

If S is on we same committee as both U and X, which
of the following can be true?
N is on Committee 2.
O is on Committee 2.
P is on Committee 2.
T is on Comm ittee 2.
X is on Committee 1.

————————————————————————
答案：(B)

If T is one of exactly three people on Committee 2,
which of the following is a pair of people who must be
on a committee together?
N and U
O and P
O and S
S and X
U and X

————————————————————————
答案：(A)

On a particular day, seven divers—F, G, H, J, K, L, and M—will be
available to dive in four shifts to recover artifacts from a sunken ship.
Shifts will last 90 minutes and will begin at 8a.m. at 10a.m. at 12noon,
and at 2p.m. Shifts will be organized according to the following
conditions:
　In no shift can there be fewer than two divers or more than three divers.
　No diver can dive during two consecutive shifts.
　F and G cannot dive during the same shift as each other.
　Neither K nor L can dive during any shift unless the other
　　also dives during that shift.
　J must dive at 12 o'clock and not before 12 o'clock.
Which of the following can be the divers during the
8 o'clock and 10 o'clock shifts?
　8 o'clock　10 o'clock
F, H G, J, M 　
F, L G, H
G, H K, L, M
G, H H, K, L
K, L F, G, M

————————————————————————
答案：(C)
读题：某天，7个潜水员F、G、H、J、K、L、M分4批营救沉船，每次持续90分钟，
　　　将从8am、 10am、12noon、2pm开始
写条件：
1、2/3 （表示每次2到3个人）
2、～Con （表示没有人能够连续）
3、F≠G （表示F、G不能在同一个shift)
*4、K=L （表示K、L不能潜水，除非另外一人也在那个shift)
*5、J=12，并且J>12 （表示J一定在12点开始那批，并且如果还有J的话，J晚于12点)
　
条件总结：
*正确理解条件5，J=12，并且not before 12，也就是如果还有J的话，J不能早于12点
一共4个shift，那么就只有2点了，但是条件2有～Con ，12noon和2pm处于连续位置
所以J只能在12noon
（第17题其实就是对这个条件的理解）
　
理解条件时注意：
1、尽量从一些直观的角度来考察，而不是从模糊的角度，比如本题条件5，J>12，
大于12一共才只有一个shift，当然直接写为J=2；再比如全分组，分为2组，
J≠1，当然可直接理解为J=2。
2、不仅仅要理解条件的表面含义、字面意思，要把条件放到具体的题目、数字和其
它条件结合考虑，比如本题12noon和2p.m.位置的连续。

Any of the following could dive during more than one
of the four shifts EXCEPT

F
G
J
K
M

———— ————————————————————
答案：(C)
读题：某天，7个潜水员F、G、H、J、K、L、M分4批营救沉船，每次持续90分钟，
　　　将从8am、 10am、12noon、2pm开始
写条件：
1、2/3 （表示每次2到3个人）
2、～Con （表示没有人能够连续）
3、F≠G （表示F、G不能在同一个shift)
*4、K=L （表示K、L不能潜水，除非另外一人也在那个shift)
*5、J=12，并且J>12 （表示J一定在12点开始那批，并且如果还有J的话，J晚于12点)
　
条件总结：
*正确理解条件5，J=12，并且not before 12，也就是如果还有J的话，J不能早于12点
一共4个shift，那么就只有2点了，但是条件2有～Con ，12noon和2pm处于连续位置
所以J只能在12noon
（第17题其实就是对这个条件的理解）
　
理解条件时注意：
1、尽量从一些直观的角度来考察，而不是从模糊的角度，比如本题条件5，J>12，
大于12一共才只有一个shift，当然直接写为J=2；再比如全分组，分为2组，
J≠1，当然可直接理解为J=2。
2、不仅仅要理解条件的表面含义、字面意思，要把条件放到具体的题目、数字和其
它条件结合考虑，比如本题12noon和2p.m.位置的连续。

If F dives during the 8 o'clock and 12 o'clock shifts,
which of the following could also dive during the 8 o'clock
and 12 o'clock shifts?

G
J
K
L
M

————————————————————————
答案：(E)
读题：某天，7个潜水员F、G、H、J、K、L、M分4批营救沉船，每次持续90分钟，
　　　将从8am、 10am、12noon、2pm开始
写条件：
1、2/3 （表示每次2到3个人）
2、～Con （表示没有人能够连续）
3、F≠G （表示F、G不能在同一个shift)
*4、K=L （表示K、L不能潜水，除非另外一人也在那个shift)
*5、J=12，并且J>12 （表示J一定在12点开始那批，并且如果还有J的话，J晚于12点)
　
条件总结：
*正确理解条件5，J=12，并且not before 12，也就是如果还有J的话，J不能早于12点
一共4个shift，那么就只有2点了，但是条件2有～Con ，12noon和2pm处于连续位置
所以J只能在12noon
（第17题其实就是对这个条件的理解）
　
理解条件时注意：
1、尽量从一些直观的角度来考察，而不是从模糊的角度，比如本题条件5，J>12，
大于12一共才只有一个shift，当然直接写为J=2；再比如全分组，分为2组，
J≠1，当然可直接理解为J=2。
2、不仅仅要理解条件的表面含义、字面意思，要把条件放到具体的题目、数字和其
它条件结合考虑，比如本题12noon和2p.m.位置的连续。

如果F=8,12，下面哪一个同样可能在8,12？
　解题步骤：
1、条件3，F≠G，很明显A错。
2、J只为12，B错。
3、由于J=12，则12位置上已经有2个元素，而条件1有每个shift为2/3人，
J,F已经有两人，所以最多只能再有1人。
条件4：K=L，则KL都不能在12，故C、D错。