A plant grower pollinates female holly plants with pollen from male holly plants. The grower has exactly six strains of holly plants-S, T, W, X, Y, and Z--available for use in pollination. Male and female specimens of each strain are available. A pollination grouping consists of at least two holly plants,one Male and one female. For any pollination grouping,the grower can use a male of any of the six strains to pollinate a female of any of the six strains, as long as the following restrictions are not violated: An S female plant can be pollinated only by an S male plant. A T female plant can be pollinated only by a Z male plant. An X female plant can be pollinated by neither a T male plant nor an X male plant. In any single pollination grouping containing a Z female plant that is pollinated by a T male plant, there must also be an X female plant that is pollinated by a Z male plant. Which of the following lists two pairs of acceptable pollinations in a single complete grouping First Pair Second Pair Female Male Female Male S S W S S W W W T Y Z Z X X Z X X Y Z T
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 读题:一个花匠从雄性植物中选择给雌性植物授粉,有6种植物S、T、W、X、Y、Z,雄性 和雌性都有,一个授粉组包含2个植物,一个雄性,一个雌性 写条件: 1、S—S (S雌性只能由S雄性授粉) 2、T—Z (T雌性只能由Z雄性授粉) 3、X—~TX (X雌性不能由T或X的雄性授粉) 4、Z—T→X—Z (任何Z雌性由T雄性授粉的组中,必然有X雌性被Z雄性授粉) 注:连线—前面字母为雌性植物,后面字母为雄性植物。
The grower can use a Z male plant to pollinate a female plant of any of the following strains EXCEPT S T W Y Z
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 读题:一个花匠从雄性植物中选择给雌性植物授粉,有6种植物S、T、W、X、Y、Z,雄性 和雌性都有,一个授粉组包含2个植物,一个雄性,一个雌性 写条件: 1、S—S (S雌性只能由S雄性授粉) 2、T—Z (T雌性只能由Z雄性授粉) 3、X—~TX (X雌性不能由T或X的雄性授粉) 4、Z—T→X—Z (任何Z雌性由T雄性授粉的组中,必然有X雌性被Z雄性授粉) 注:连线—前面字母为雌性植物,后面字母为雄性植物。
花匠可用Z雄性授粉下面哪个雌性植物,EXCEPT? 找需要由某类雄性授粉的条件,由条件1知,S female 只能由S male授粉,故A对。 R> The grower can choose to pollinate an X female plant from a total of how many different strains of male plants? One Two Three Four Five
———————————————————————— 答案:(D) 读题:一个花匠从雄性植物中选择给雌性植物授粉,有6种植物S、T、W、X、Y、Z,雄性 和雌性都有,一个授粉组包含2个植物,一个雄性,一个雌性 写条件: 1、S—S (S雌性只能由S雄性授粉) 2、T—Z (T雌性只能由Z雄性授粉) 3、X—~TX (X雌性不能由T或X的雄性授粉) 4、Z—T→X—Z (任何Z雌性由T雄性授粉的组中,必然有X雌性被Z雄性授粉) 注:连线—前面字母为雌性植物,后面字母为雄性植物。
Which of the following is a complete and accurate list of the strains whose female plants can be selected by the grower for pollination by a W male plant? T, W, X, Y, Z W, X, Y. Z W, Y, Z Y, Z Z
———————————————————————— 答案:(B) 读题:一个花匠从雄性植物中选择给雌性植物授粉,有6种植物S、T、W、X、Y、Z,雄性 和雌性都有,一个授粉组包含2个植物,一个雄性,一个雌性 写条件: 1、S—S (S雌性只能由S雄性授粉) 2、T—Z (T雌性只能由Z雄性授粉) 3、X—~TX (X雌性不能由T或X的雄性授粉) 4、Z—T→X—Z (任何Z雌性由T雄性授粉的组中,必然有X雌性被Z雄性授粉) 注:连线—前面字母为雌性植物,后面字母为雄性植物。
下面哪个是完全而准确的序列,雌性植物由W male授粉? 找需要由某种male授粉的条件, 由条件1、2知,S,T female均不能由 W male 授粉,其余均可,选择B。
If the grower decides not to use Z male plants, which of the following is a possible pollination pairing? Female male S W T Y X T Z T Z Y
———————————————————————— 答案:(E) 读题:一个花匠从雄性植物中选择给雌性植物授粉,有6种植物S、T、W、X、Y、Z,雄性 和雌性都有,一个授粉组包含2个植物,一个雄性,一个雌性 写条件: 1、S—S (S雌性只能由S雄性授粉) 2、T—Z (T雌性只能由Z雄性授粉) 3、X—~TX (X雌性不能由T或X的雄性授粉) 4、Z—T→X—Z (任何Z雌性由T雄性授粉的组中,必然有X雌性被Z雄性授粉) 注:连线—前面字母为雌性植物,后面字母为雄性植物。
如果花匠决定不用Z male,下面哪个是可能的授粉对? 解题步骤: 1、找涉及Z male的授粉条件, 条件2:T—Z,故T female无法授粉,B错。 条件4:Z—T→X—Z,故不可能是Z-T授粉对,D错 2、由S—S得,A错。 由条件3,Z—~TX得,C错 所以选择E
If the grower decides to use neither the male nor the female plants of the S and Z strains,which of the following is true concerning the remaining plants available to the grower? The T males cannot be used for pollination of any of the remaining females. The W males cannot be used for pollination of any of the remaining females. The T females cannot be selected for pollination by any of the remaining males. The W females cannot be selected for pollination by any of the remaining males. The Y females cannot be selected for pollination by any of the remaining males.
———————————————————————— 答案:(C) 读题:一个花匠从雄性植物中选择给雌性植物授粉,有6种植物S、T、W、X、Y、Z,雄性 和雌性都有,一个授粉组包含2个植物,一个雄性,一个雌性 写条件: 1、S—S (S雌性只能由S雄性授粉) 2、T—Z (T雌性只能由Z雄性授粉) 3、X—~TX (X雌性不能由T或X的雄性授粉) 4、Z—T→X—Z (任何Z雌性由T雄性授粉的组中,必然有X雌性被Z雄性授粉) 注:连线—前面字母为雌性植物,后面字母为雄性植物。
Middletown s police currently remove an apparently abandoned car from the streets about two months after it is reported.The police have been unfairly criticized for allowing such cars to be vandalized during this period. Because it is illegal for car owners to abandon cars on the street, police need not be concerned about protecting such cars. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
In the past, vehicles abandoned in Middletown were removed from the streets an average of four months after initial reports to police. In one recent year, more than 150 abandoned vehicles were vandalized in Middletown, but police made no arrests for those actions. Some cars initially classified by Middletown s police as abandoned were later reclassified as stolen vehicles. Middletown s understaffed police force must give the disposition of abandoned cars low priority because of the number of violent crimes now committed there. In the most recent year for which data are available, there were 28 percent fewer reports of abandoned vehicles than the yearly average for the previous ten years.
———————————————————————— 答案:(C)
A homeowner with a leaky roof has two repair options; each can prevent leaking for up to 10 years, For $2,000, the homeowner can purchase a new roof. For only $1,000, a total of 10 hot coatings can be applied to the existing roof, one each year for the next 10 years. Which of the following, if true, provides the best reason for the homeowner to choose the new-roof option?
A new roof can take up to two days to install properly if the job is done by two workers, as is customary. A hot coating can be applied in 20 minutes, while the homeowner performs other duties. The hot coating procedure can be paid for over the course of 10 years, whereas the new roof must be paid for all at once. A leaky roof can cause damage within the house, damage that is very expensive to repair. Hot coatings are very heavy, and more than 5 applica- tions on a roof can cause the roof to collapse.
———————————————————————— 答案:(E)
Springtown s fire department wants the town council to buy it another ladder truck. These trucks are useful in fighting fires in high-rise buildings. The town council argues, however, that Springtown has only two high-rise buildings, and it already owns enough ladder trucks to fight any fires there. So, they say, Springtown does not need another ladder truck. The town council s argument assumes that
Springtown cannot afford to buy another ladder truck Springtown s high-rise buildings all meet or exceed current fire safety standards the number of high-rise buildings in Springtown is likely to grow at least one of Springtown s ladder trucks is not due to be permanently removed from service in the immediate future it is possible to fight fires successfully in high-rise buildings without using ladder trucks.
———————————————————————— 答案:(D)
问题:town council的论述基于下面哪一个假设? 读题:Springtown的防火部门希望镇委员会购买另外一辆云梯卡车. 这些卡车用于高层 建筑的灭火.然而,镇委员会说:Springtown仅仅有两座高层建筑,并且已经拥有 足够量的云梯卡车去破灭那里的任何火灾。因此 ,他们说Springtown不需要另外 一辆云梯卡车。 分析:倒数第三行so引导结论,而论据由第四行town council argues引导,有两个 原因,1、Springtown仅仅有两座高层建筑 2、已经有足够的云梯卡车 b. Springtown 的建筑都满足或超过防火标准. (可以作为support,的确不需要另外一辆云梯卡车) c. Springtown 高层建筑的数目将可能增加. (论据是Springtown仅仅有两座高层建筑,c反对论据,作为反对) d. 至少有一辆云梯卡车在不久的将来不会永久地移出服务 (d说明尽管已经有足够量的云梯卡车,但是必须至少有一辆能够用; 加入not判断,没有一辆不被移出,那么就意味着都不能用了,因此还需要新的云梯 卡车,加入not反对了结论,因此d为Assumption) e. 不使用云梯卡车也可能成功地破灭火灾. (support) 通过本题体会Assumption必要条件的特色, support和assumption的区别
Six backpackers- H, L, P, S, T, and W-have each reserved a campsite in a campground that has six adjacent campsites consecutively numbered 1 through 6. Water comes from a faucet located between campsite 2 and campsite 3. In assigning each of the six backpackers to exactly one campsite, the camp manager is to meet the following conditions: H must have campsite 1 or campsite 6. If H has campsite 1, L must have campsite 6, and if H has campsite 6, L must have campsite 1. P must have a campsite next to the water faucet. T must have a campsite immediately adjacent to L s campsite. Neither H nor L can have a campsite immediately adjacent to S s campsite. Which of the following is an acceptable assignment of backpackers to the campsites? 1 2 3 4 5 6 H P W S T L H S P W T L H W S P T L L P W S T H L T P S H W
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 读题:6个backpackers,H、L、P、S、T、W各有一块宿营地,共有6块营地从1到6,水从位 于营地2、3之间的水笼头流出。 写条件: 1、H=1/6 (表示H必须在1或者6) 2、1,6=H/L (表示H=1,则L=6;H=6,则L=1) 3、P=2/3 (表示P必须有一营地位于水笼头旁边) 4、(TL) (表示TL相邻) 5、~(H/L S)(表示H或L不和S相邻)
条件总结: 1、条件1、2、5 都涉及H、L 由于H,L=1/6,且~(H/L S),则S≠2,5,在加上1,6=H/L,一共六个位置,所以S=3/4
Which of the following must be true? If H has campsite 1, W has campsite 3. If L has campsite 6, P has campsite 2. If L has campsite 6, W has campsite 3. If P has campsite 2, S has campsite 4. If P has campsite 3, S has campsite 4.
———————————————————————— 答案:(E) 读题:6个backpackers,H、L、P、S、T、W各有一块宿营地,共有6块营地从1到6,水从位 于营地2、3之间的水笼头流出。 写条件: 1、H=1/6 (表示H必须在1或者6) 2、1,6=H/L (表示H=1,则L=6;H=6,则L=1) 3、P=2/3 (表示P必须有一营地位于水笼头旁边) 4、(TL) (表示TL相邻) 5、~(H/L S)(表示H或L不和S相邻)
条件总结: 1、条件1、2、5 都涉及H、L 由于H,L=1/6,且~(H/L S),则S≠2,5,在加上1,6=H/L,一共六个位置,所以S=3/4
If S has campsite 3, which of the following is a pair of backpackers who must each have a campsite immediately adjacent to W s campsite? H and P H and S P and S P and T S and T
———————————————————————— 答案:(E) 读题:6个backpackers,H、L、P、S、T、W各有一块宿营地,共有6块营地从1到6,水从位 于营地2、3之间的水笼头流出。 写条件: 1、H=1/6 (表示H必须在1或者6) 2、1,6=H/L (表示H=1,则L=6;H=6,则L=1) 3、P=2/3 (表示P必须有一营地位于水笼头旁边) 4、(TL) (表示TL相邻) 5、~(H/L S)(表示H或L不和S相邻)
条件总结: 1、条件1、2、5 都涉及H、L 由于H,L=1/6,且~(H/L S),则S≠2,5,在加上1,6=H/L,一共六个位置,所以S=3/4
如果S在3,下面哪一对一定是和W相邻的元素? 1、S=3,由P=2/3得,P=2 1 2 3 4 5 6 H P S W T L 2、由于(TL)相邻,要相邻的话只能在4,5,6,而H/L=1/6,故L=6,T=5,W=4,所以 S、T和W相邻。
If L has campsite 1, which of the following must be true? P has campsite 2. S has campsite 3. T has campsite 5. W has campsite 4. W has campsite 5.
———————————————————————— 答案:(E) 读题:6个backpackers,H、L、P、S、T、W各有一块宿营地,共有6块营地从1到6,水从位 于营地2、3之间的水笼头流出。 写条件: 1、H=1/6 (表示H必须在1或者6) 2、1,6=H/L (表示H=1,则L=6;H=6,则L=1) 3、P=2/3 (表示P必须有一营地位于水笼头旁边) 4、(TL) (表示TL相邻) 5、~(H/L S)(表示H或L不和S相邻)
条件总结: 1、条件1、2、5 都涉及H、L 由于H,L=1/6,且~(H/L S),则S≠2,5,在加上1,6=H/L,一共六个位置,所以S=3/4
If S and W each have a campsite that is immediately adjacent to P s campsite, which of the following campsites must T have? 5 4 3 2 1
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 读题:6个backpackers,H、L、P、S、T、W各有一块宿营地,共有6块营地从1到6,水从位 于营地2、3之间的水笼头流出。 >写条件: 1、H=1/6 (表示H必须在1或者6) 2、1,6=H/L (表示H=1,则L=6;H=6,则L=1) 3、P=2/3 (表示P必须有一营地位于水笼头旁边) 4、(TL) (表示TL相邻) 5、~(H/L S)(表示H或L不和S相邻)
条件总结: 1、条件1、2、5 都涉及H、L 由于H,L=1/6,且~(H/L S),则S≠2,5,在加上1,6=H/L,一共六个位置,所以S=3/4
如果S、W和P相邻,T在哪儿? 1、(SPW)相邻,P=2/3,则(SPW)在123或者234,而1=H/L,故(SPW)在234, T=5
If the first assignment made is of H to campsite 1,which of the following lists all those backpackers aside from H, and only those, whose campsite assignment is thereby fully datermined? L L, T L, P, T L, P, S, T L, P, S, T, W
———————————————————————— 答案:(B) 读题:6个backpackers,H、L、P、S、T、W各有一块宿营地,共有6块营地从1到6,水从位 于营地2、3之间的水笼头流出。 写条件: 1、H=1/6 (表示H必须在1或者6) 2、1,6=H/L (表示H=1,则L=6;H=6,则L=1) 3、P=2/3 (表示P必须有一营地位于水笼头旁边) 4、(TL) (表示TL相邻) 5、~(H/L S)(表示H或L不和S相邻)
条件总结: 1、条件1、2、5 都涉及H、L 由于H,L=1/6,且~(H/L S),则S≠2,5,在加上1,6=H/L,一共六个位置,所以S=3/4
The following four speakers are each invited to give one speech at a conference that will be conducted in four languages: Han (speaking in Korean), Lu (speaking in Mandarin), Ngo (speaking in Vietnamese), and Tanaka (speaking in Japanese). The speeches, to be delivered on four successive nights, must each be simultaneously translated into the three other languages and only into these languages. Four interpreters are assigned to the conference. Each will translate into only one language from the three other languages. The following additional scheduling requirements will be strictly observed: The interpreter translating into Mandarin cannot work three successive nights. Han cannot be scheduled to give her address on the night that immediately follows or immediately precedes the night on which Neo gives his address. Ngo s address must be scheduled for a later night than Tanaka s. Which of the following is an acceptable order for the speakers address? First Second Third Fourth Han Tanaka Ngo Lu Han Tanaka Lu Ngo Lu Han Tanaka Ngo Ngo Lu Tanaka Han Tanaka Lu Han Ngo
———————————————————————— 答案:(B) 读题:4个演讲者被邀请在会议上作演讲,会议以四种语言进行,H(k)、L(m)、N(v)、 T(j),演讲在连续的4个晚上,必须被同时翻译为其它3种语言,有4个翻译。 写条件: 1、~(iii)m (翻译为m语言的翻译不能连续工作3天) 2、~(HN) (H、N的演讲不能紧密相邻) 3、T 条件总结: *条件1有~(iii)m,也就是说不能连续3天没有L作演讲,而一共只有4天, 所以L≠1,4, L=2/3,我们由此得到了一个相对固定的条件,到此,题目也变简单了。 (善于把一些条件与题目中的数字或具体确定的条件联系起来一直是我们强调的)
Which of the following is a complete and accurate list of the speakers any one of whom could give the last address? Han, Ngo Han, Tanaka Lu, Ngo Ngo, Tanaka Lu, Ngo, Tanaka
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 读题:4个演讲者被邀请在会议上作演讲,会议以四种语言进行,H(k)、L(m)、N(v)、 T(j),演讲在连续的4个晚上,必须被同时翻译为其它3种语言,有4个翻译。 写条件: 1、~(iii)m (翻译为m语言的翻译不能连续工作3天) 2、~(HN) (H、N的演讲不能紧密相邻) 3、T 条件总结: *条件1有~(iii)m,也就是说不能连续3天没有L作演讲,而一共只有4天, 所以L≠1,4, L=2/3,我们由此得到了一个相对固定的条件,到此,题目也变简单了。 (善于把一些条件与题目中的数字或具体确定的条件联系起来一直是我们强调的)
下面哪一个是完全而准确的不能在最后一天的元素序列? 1、由条件总结知 L≠4 2、再看一下有没有表示元素前后关系的条件,有,条件3:T其它两个元素N、H均可
If the interpreter translating into Vietnamese is not scheduled to work during the fourth session, which of the following is a possible order of speakers for the conference? First Second Third Fourth Han Tanaka Lu Ngo Lu Han Tanaka Ngo Ngo Tanaka Han Lu Tanaka Lu Han Ngo Tanaka Neo Lu Han
———————————————————————— 答案:(A) 读题:4个演讲者被邀请在会议上作演讲,会议以四种语言进行,H(k)、L(m)、N(v)、 T(j),演讲在连续的4个晚上,必须被同时翻译为其它3种语言,有4个翻译。 写条件: 1、~(iii)m (翻译为m语言的翻译不能连续工作3天) 2、~(HN) (H、N的演讲不能紧密相邻) 3、T 条件总结: *条件1有~(iii)m,也就是说不能连续3天没有L作演讲,而一共只有4天, 所以L≠1,4, L=2/3,我们由此得到了一个相对固定的条件,到此,题目也变简单了。 (善于把一些条件与题目中的数字或具体确定的条件联系起来一直是我们强调的)
If Han is scheduled to give the second address, which of the following must be true? Lu is scheduled to give the first address. Ngo is scheduled to give the first address. Ngo is scheduled to give the third address. Tanaka is scheduled to give the first address. Tanaka is scheduled to give the third address
———————————————————————— 答案:(D) 读题:4个演讲者被邀请在会议上作演讲,会议以四种语言进行,H(k)、L(m)、N(v)、 T(j),演讲在连续的4个晚上,必须被同时翻译为其它3种语言,有4个翻译。 写条件: 1、~(iii)m (翻译为m语言的翻译不能连续工作3天) 2、~(HN) (H、N的演讲不能紧密相邻) 3、T 条件总结: *条件1有~(iii)m,也就是说不能连续3天没有L作演讲,而一共只有4天, 所以L≠1,4, L=2/3,我们由此得到了一个相对固定的条件,到此,题目也变简单了。 (善于把一些条件与题目中的数字或具体确定的条件联系起来一直是我们强调的)
如果H=2,下面哪一个一定正确? 1、由于L=2/3,H=2 所以 L=3 2、由条件4,T所以D对 其它20-22都是如此解,利用L=2/3
If Tanaka is scheduled to give the second address, which of the following must be true? Han is scheduled to give the third address. Lu is scheduled to give the first address. Lu is scheduled to give the third address. Ngo is scheduled to give the first address. Ngo is scheduled to give the third address.
———————————————————————— 答案:(C) 读题:4个演讲者被邀请在会议上作演讲,会议以四种语言进行,H(k)、L(m)、N(v)、 T(j),演讲在连续的4个晚上,必须被同时翻译为其它3种语言,有4个翻译。 写条件: 1、~(iii)m (翻译为m语言的翻译不能连续工作3天) 2、~(HN) (H、N的演讲不能紧密相邻) 3、T 条件总结: *条件1有~(iii)m,也就是说不能连续3天没有L作演讲,而一共只有4天, 所以L≠1,4, L=2/3,我们由此得到了一个相对固定的条件,到此,题目也变简单了。 (善于把一些条件与题目中的数字或具体确定的条件联系起来一直是我们强调的)
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